chore: bump version to 0.1.12

Implements WISH-013 mutable state primitives. Ref<T> is a mutable container
using existing module call syntax. Supported across interpreter, JS, and C backends.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

Cargo.lock

@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "39cab71617ae0d63f51a36d69f866391735b51691dbda63cf6f96d042b63efeb"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -392,6 +392,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasip3",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "glob"
+version = "0.3.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0cc23270f6e1808e30a928bdc84dea0b9b4136a8bc82338574f23baf47bbd280"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "h2"
 version = "0.3.27"
@@ -770,8 +776,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lux"
-version = "0.1.3"
+version = "0.1.11"
 dependencies = [
+ "glob",
  "lsp-server",
  "lsp-types",
  "postgres",
@@ -1182,7 +1189,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "errno",
  "libc",
  "linux-raw-sys",
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1475,7 +1482,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "getrandom 0.4.1",
  "once_cell",
  "rustix",
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "lux"
-version = "0.1.3"
+version = "0.1.12"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "A functional programming language with first-class effects, schema evolution, and behavioral types"
 license = "MIT"
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ reqwest = { version = "0.11", default-features = false, features = ["blocking",
 tiny_http = "0.12"
 rusqlite = { version = "0.31", features = ["bundled"] }
 postgres = "0.19"
+glob = "0.3"
 
 
 [dev-dependencies]

flake.nix

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
             printf "\n"
             printf "  \033[1;35m╦  ╦ ╦╦ ╦\033[0m\n"
             printf "  \033[1;35m║  ║ ║╔╣\033[0m\n"
-            printf "  \033[1;35m╩═╝╚═╝╩ ╩\033[0m  v0.1.3\n"
+            printf "  \033[1;35m╩═╝╚═╝╩ ╩\033[0m  v0.1.12\n"
             printf "\n"
             printf "  Functional language with first-class effects\n"
             printf "\n"
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
 
         packages.default = pkgs.rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
           pname = "lux";
-          version = "0.1.3";
+          version = "0.1.12";
           src = ./.;
           cargoLock.lockFile = ./Cargo.lock;
 
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
           };
         in muslPkgs.rustPlatform.buildRustPackage {
           pname = "lux";
-          version = "0.1.3";
+          version = "0.1.12";
           src = ./.;
           cargoLock.lockFile = ./Cargo.lock;
 

scripts/validate.sh

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 set -euo pipefail
 
 # Lux Full Validation Script
-# Runs all checks: Rust tests, package tests, type checking, formatting, linting.
+# Runs all checks: Rust tests, package tests, type checking, example compilation.
 # Run after every committable change to ensure no regressions.
 
 # cd to repo root (directory containing this script's parent)
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ cd "$SCRIPT_DIR/.."
 
 LUX="$(pwd)/target/release/lux"
 PACKAGES_DIR="$(pwd)/../packages"
+PROJECTS_DIR="$(pwd)/projects"
+EXAMPLES_DIR="$(pwd)/examples"
 RED='\033[0;31m'
 GREEN='\033[0;32m'
 CYAN='\033[0;36m'
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ fail() { printf "${RED}FAIL${NC} %s\n" "${1:-}"; FAILED=$((FAILED + 1)); }
 
 # --- Rust checks ---
 step "cargo check"
-if nix develop --command cargo check 2>&1 | grep -q "Finished"; then ok; else fail; fi
+if nix develop --command cargo check 2>/dev/null; then ok; else fail; fi
 
 step "cargo test"
 OUTPUT=$(nix develop --command cargo test 2>&1 || true)
@@ -39,7 +41,7 @@ if echo "$RESULT" | grep -q "0 failed"; then ok "$RESULT"; else fail "$RESULT";
 
 # --- Build release binary ---
 step "cargo build --release"
-if nix develop --command cargo build --release 2>&1 | grep -q "Finished"; then ok; else fail; fi
+if nix develop --command cargo build --release 2>/dev/null; then ok; else fail; fi
 
 # --- Package tests ---
 for pkg in path frontmatter xml rss markdown; do
@@ -64,7 +66,6 @@ for pkg in path frontmatter xml rss markdown; do
 done
 
 # --- Project checks ---
-PROJECTS_DIR="$(pwd)/projects"
 for proj_dir in "$PROJECTS_DIR"/*/; do
     proj=$(basename "$proj_dir")
     if [ -f "$proj_dir/main.lux" ]; then
@@ -83,6 +84,123 @@ for proj_dir in "$PROJECTS_DIR"/*/; do
     done
 done
 
+# === Compilation & Interpreter Checks ===
+
+# --- Interpreter: examples ---
+# Skip: http_api, http, http_router, http_server (network), postgres_demo (db),
+#        random, property_testing (Random effect), shell (Process), json (File I/O),
+#        file_io (File I/O), test_math, test_lists (Test effect), stress_shared_rc,
+#        test_rc_comparison (internal tests), modules/* (need cwd)
+INTERP_SKIP="http_api http http_router http_server postgres_demo random property_testing shell json file_io test_math test_lists stress_shared_rc test_rc_comparison"
+for f in "$EXAMPLES_DIR"/*.lux; do
+    name=$(basename "$f" .lux)
+    skip=false
+    for s in $INTERP_SKIP; do [ "$name" = "$s" ] && skip=true; done
+    $skip && continue
+    step "interpreter (examples/$name)"
+    if timeout 10 "$LUX" "$f" >/dev/null 2>&1; then ok; else fail; fi
+done
+
+# --- Interpreter: examples/standard ---
+# Skip: guessing_game (reads stdin)
+for f in "$EXAMPLES_DIR"/standard/*.lux; do
+    [ -f "$f" ] || continue
+    name=$(basename "$f" .lux)
+    [ "$name" = "guessing_game" ] && continue
+    step "interpreter (standard/$name)"
+    if timeout 10 "$LUX" "$f" >/dev/null 2>&1; then ok; else fail; fi
+done
+
+# --- Interpreter: examples/showcase ---
+# Skip: task_manager (parse error in current version)
+for f in "$EXAMPLES_DIR"/showcase/*.lux; do
+    [ -f "$f" ] || continue
+    name=$(basename "$f" .lux)
+    [ "$name" = "task_manager" ] && continue
+    step "interpreter (showcase/$name)"
+    if timeout 10 "$LUX" "$f" >/dev/null 2>&1; then ok; else fail; fi
+done
+
+# --- Interpreter: projects ---
+# Skip: guessing-game (Random), rest-api (HttpServer)
+PROJ_INTERP_SKIP="guessing-game rest-api"
+for proj_dir in "$PROJECTS_DIR"/*/; do
+    proj=$(basename "$proj_dir")
+    [ -f "$proj_dir/main.lux" ] || continue
+    skip=false
+    for s in $PROJ_INTERP_SKIP; do [ "$proj" = "$s" ] && skip=true; done
+    $skip && continue
+    step "interpreter (project: $proj)"
+    if timeout 10 "$LUX" "$proj_dir/main.lux" >/dev/null 2>&1; then ok; else fail; fi
+done
+
+# --- JS compilation: examples ---
+# Skip files that fail JS compilation (unsupported features)
+JS_SKIP="http_api http http_router postgres_demo property_testing json test_lists test_rc_comparison"
+for f in "$EXAMPLES_DIR"/*.lux; do
+    name=$(basename "$f" .lux)
+    skip=false
+    for s in $JS_SKIP; do [ "$name" = "$s" ] && skip=true; done
+    $skip && continue
+    step "compile JS (examples/$name)"
+    if "$LUX" compile "$f" --target js -o /tmp/lux_validate.js >/dev/null 2>&1; then ok; else fail; fi
+done
+
+# --- JS compilation: examples/standard ---
+# Skip: stdlib_demo (uses String.toUpper not in JS backend)
+for f in "$EXAMPLES_DIR"/standard/*.lux; do
+    [ -f "$f" ] || continue
+    name=$(basename "$f" .lux)
+    [ "$name" = "stdlib_demo" ] && continue
+    step "compile JS (standard/$name)"
+    if "$LUX" compile "$f" --target js -o /tmp/lux_validate.js >/dev/null 2>&1; then ok; else fail; fi
+done
+
+# --- JS compilation: examples/showcase ---
+# Skip: task_manager (unsupported features)
+for f in "$EXAMPLES_DIR"/showcase/*.lux; do
+    [ -f "$f" ] || continue
+    name=$(basename "$f" .lux)
+    [ "$name" = "task_manager" ] && continue
+    step "compile JS (showcase/$name)"
+    if "$LUX" compile "$f" --target js -o /tmp/lux_validate.js >/dev/null 2>&1; then ok; else fail; fi
+done
+
+# --- JS compilation: projects ---
+# Skip: json-parser, rest-api (unsupported features)
+JS_PROJ_SKIP="json-parser rest-api"
+for proj_dir in "$PROJECTS_DIR"/*/; do
+    proj=$(basename "$proj_dir")
+    [ -f "$proj_dir/main.lux" ] || continue
+    skip=false
+    for s in $JS_PROJ_SKIP; do [ "$proj" = "$s" ] && skip=true; done
+    $skip && continue
+    step "compile JS (project: $proj)"
+    if "$LUX" compile "$proj_dir/main.lux" --target js -o /tmp/lux_validate.js >/dev/null 2>&1; then ok; else fail; fi
+done
+
+# --- C compilation: examples ---
+# Only compile examples known to work with C backend
+C_EXAMPLES="hello factorial pipelines tailcall jit_test"
+for name in $C_EXAMPLES; do
+    f="$EXAMPLES_DIR/$name.lux"
+    [ -f "$f" ] || continue
+    step "compile C (examples/$name)"
+    if "$LUX" compile "$f" -o /tmp/lux_validate_bin >/dev/null 2>&1; then ok; else fail; fi
+done
+
+# --- C compilation: examples/standard ---
+C_STD_EXAMPLES="hello_world factorial fizzbuzz primes guessing_game"
+for name in $C_STD_EXAMPLES; do
+    f="$EXAMPLES_DIR/standard/$name.lux"
+    [ -f "$f" ] || continue
+    step "compile C (standard/$name)"
+    if "$LUX" compile "$f" -o /tmp/lux_validate_bin >/dev/null 2>&1; then ok; else fail; fi
+done
+
+# --- Cleanup ---
+rm -f /tmp/lux_validate.js /tmp/lux_validate_bin
+
 # --- Summary ---
 printf "\n${BOLD}═══ Validation Summary ═══${NC}\n"
 if [ $FAILED -eq 0 ]; then

src/ast.rs

@@ -221,6 +221,10 @@ pub enum Declaration {
     Trait(TraitDecl),
     /// Trait implementation: impl Trait for Type { ... }
     Impl(ImplDecl),
+    /// Extern function declaration (FFI): extern fn name(params): ReturnType
+    ExternFn(ExternFnDecl),
+    /// Extern let declaration (FFI): extern let name: Type
+    ExternLet(ExternLetDecl),
 }
 
 /// Function declaration
@@ -428,6 +432,34 @@ pub struct ImplMethod {
     pub span: Span,
 }
 
+/// Extern function declaration (FFI)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ExternFnDecl {
+    pub visibility: Visibility,
+    /// Documentation comment
+    pub doc: Option<String>,
+    pub name: Ident,
+    pub type_params: Vec<Ident>,
+    pub params: Vec<Parameter>,
+    pub return_type: TypeExpr,
+    /// Optional JS name override: extern fn foo(...): T = "jsFoo"
+    pub js_name: Option<String>,
+    pub span: Span,
+}
+
+/// Extern let declaration (FFI)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ExternLetDecl {
+    pub visibility: Visibility,
+    /// Documentation comment
+    pub doc: Option<String>,
+    pub name: Ident,
+    pub typ: TypeExpr,
+    /// Optional JS name override: extern let foo: T = "window.foo"
+    pub js_name: Option<String>,
+    pub span: Span,
+}
+
 /// Type expressions
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum TypeExpr {
@@ -697,8 +729,9 @@ pub enum Pattern {
     Var(Ident),
     /// Literal: 42, "hello", true
     Literal(Literal),
-    /// Constructor: Some(x), None, Ok(v)
+    /// Constructor: Some(x), None, Ok(v), module.Constructor(x)
     Constructor {
+        module: Option<Ident>,
         name: Ident,
         fields: Vec<Pattern>,
         span: Span,

src/codegen/c_backend.rs

@@ -146,6 +146,8 @@ pub struct CBackend {
     imported_modules: HashSet<String>,
     /// Variable name renames: Lux name → C variable name (for let binding name mangling)
     var_renames: HashMap<String, String>,
+    /// Inner type for Option-typed variables (variable name -> inner C type, e.g. "LuxInt")
+    var_option_inner_types: HashMap<String, String>,
 }
 
 impl CBackend {
@@ -177,6 +179,7 @@ impl CBackend {
             module_functions: HashMap::new(),
             imported_modules: HashSet::new(),
             var_renames: HashMap::new(),
+            var_option_inner_types: HashMap::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -279,7 +282,7 @@ impl CBackend {
                 Declaration::Let(let_decl) => {
                     // Skip run expressions - they're handled in the main wrapper
                     if !matches!(&let_decl.value, Expr::Run { .. }) {
-                        self.emit_global_let(&let_decl.name, &let_decl.value)?;
+                        self.emit_global_let(let_decl)?;
                     }
                 }
                 _ => {}
@@ -599,6 +602,18 @@ impl CBackend {
         self.writeln(&format!("{} {}({}) {{", ret_type, mangled_name, full_params));
         self.indent += 1;
 
+        // Register parameter types so match/option inference can use them
+        for p in &func.params {
+            if let Ok(c_type) = self.type_expr_to_c(&p.typ) {
+                let escaped = self.escape_c_keyword(&p.name.name);
+                self.var_types.insert(escaped.clone(), c_type);
+                // Track Option inner types for match pattern extraction
+                if let Some(inner) = self.option_inner_type_from_type_expr(&p.typ) {
+                    self.var_option_inner_types.insert(escaped, inner);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         let old_has_evidence = self.has_evidence;
         if is_effectful {
             self.has_evidence = true;
@@ -1149,7 +1164,12 @@ impl CBackend {
         self.writeln("    void (*delete_file)(void* env, LuxString path);");
         self.writeln("    LuxBool (*isDir)(void* env, LuxString path);");
         self.writeln("    void (*mkdir)(void* env, LuxString path);");
+        self.writeln("    void (*copy)(void* env, LuxString src, LuxString dst);");
         self.writeln("    LuxList* (*readDir)(void* env, LuxString path);");
+        self.writeln("    LuxList* (*glob)(void* env, LuxString pattern);");
+        self.writeln("    Result (*tryRead)(void* env, LuxString path);");
+        self.writeln("    Result (*tryWrite)(void* env, LuxString path, LuxString content);");
+        self.writeln("    Result (*tryDelete)(void* env, LuxString path);");
         self.writeln("    void* env;");
         self.writeln("} LuxFileHandler;");
         self.writeln("");
@@ -1336,6 +1356,20 @@ impl CBackend {
         self.writeln("    mkdir(path, 0755);");
         self.writeln("}");
         self.writeln("");
+        self.writeln("static void lux_file_copy(LuxString src, LuxString dst) {");
+        self.writeln("    FILE* fin = fopen(src, \"rb\");");
+        self.writeln("    if (!fin) return;");
+        self.writeln("    FILE* fout = fopen(dst, \"wb\");");
+        self.writeln("    if (!fout) { fclose(fin); return; }");
+        self.writeln("    char buf[4096];");
+        self.writeln("    size_t n;");
+        self.writeln("    while ((n = fread(buf, 1, sizeof(buf), fin)) > 0) {");
+        self.writeln("        fwrite(buf, 1, n, fout);");
+        self.writeln("    }");
+        self.writeln("    fclose(fin);");
+        self.writeln("    fclose(fout);");
+        self.writeln("}");
+        self.writeln("");
         self.writeln("#include <dirent.h>");
         self.writeln("// Forward declarations needed by lux_file_readDir");
         self.writeln("static LuxList* lux_list_new(int64_t capacity);");
@@ -1356,6 +1390,85 @@ impl CBackend {
         self.writeln("    return result;");
         self.writeln("}");
         self.writeln("");
+        self.writeln("#include <glob.h>");
+        self.writeln("static LuxList* lux_file_glob(LuxString pattern) {");
+        self.writeln("    LuxList* result = lux_list_new(16);");
+        self.writeln("    glob_t globbuf;");
+        self.writeln("    int ret = glob(pattern, 0, NULL, &globbuf);");
+        self.writeln("    if (ret == 0) {");
+        self.writeln("        for (size_t i = 0; i < globbuf.gl_pathc; i++) {");
+        self.writeln("            size_t len = strlen(globbuf.gl_pathv[i]);");
+        self.writeln("            LuxString name = (LuxString)lux_rc_alloc(len + 1, LUX_TAG_STRING);");
+        self.writeln("            memcpy(name, globbuf.gl_pathv[i], len + 1);");
+        self.writeln("            lux_list_push(result, (void*)name);");
+        self.writeln("        }");
+        self.writeln("        globfree(&globbuf);");
+        self.writeln("    }");
+        self.writeln("    return result;");
+        self.writeln("}");
+        self.writeln("");
+        self.writeln("static Result lux_file_tryRead(LuxString path) {");
+        self.writeln("    Result r;");
+        self.writeln("    FILE* f = fopen(path, \"r\");");
+        self.writeln("    if (!f) {");
+        self.writeln("        char buf[512];");
+        self.writeln("        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), \"Failed to read file '%s': %s\", path, strerror(errno));");
+        self.writeln("        size_t len = strlen(buf);");
+        self.writeln("        LuxString msg = (LuxString)lux_rc_alloc(len + 1, LUX_TAG_STRING);");
+        self.writeln("        memcpy(msg, buf, len + 1);");
+        self.writeln("        r.tag = Result_TAG_ERR;");
+        self.writeln("        r.data.err.field0 = (void*)msg;");
+        self.writeln("        return r;");
+        self.writeln("    }");
+        self.writeln("    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);");
+        self.writeln("    long size = ftell(f);");
+        self.writeln("    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_SET);");
+        self.writeln("    LuxString content = (LuxString)lux_rc_alloc(size + 1, LUX_TAG_STRING);");
+        self.writeln("    size_t read_size = fread(content, 1, size, f);");
+        self.writeln("    content[read_size] = '\\0';");
+        self.writeln("    fclose(f);");
+        self.writeln("    r.tag = Result_TAG_OK;");
+        self.writeln("    r.data.ok.field0 = (void*)content;");
+        self.writeln("    return r;");
+        self.writeln("}");
+        self.writeln("");
+        self.writeln("static Result lux_file_tryWrite(LuxString path, LuxString content) {");
+        self.writeln("    Result r;");
+        self.writeln("    FILE* f = fopen(path, \"w\");");
+        self.writeln("    if (!f) {");
+        self.writeln("        char buf[512];");
+        self.writeln("        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), \"Failed to write file '%s': %s\", path, strerror(errno));");
+        self.writeln("        size_t len = strlen(buf);");
+        self.writeln("        LuxString msg = (LuxString)lux_rc_alloc(len + 1, LUX_TAG_STRING);");
+        self.writeln("        memcpy(msg, buf, len + 1);");
+        self.writeln("        r.tag = Result_TAG_ERR;");
+        self.writeln("        r.data.err.field0 = (void*)msg;");
+        self.writeln("        return r;");
+        self.writeln("    }");
+        self.writeln("    fputs(content, f);");
+        self.writeln("    fclose(f);");
+        self.writeln("    r.tag = Result_TAG_OK;");
+        self.writeln("    r.data.ok.field0 = NULL;");
+        self.writeln("    return r;");
+        self.writeln("}");
+        self.writeln("");
+        self.writeln("static Result lux_file_tryDelete(LuxString path) {");
+        self.writeln("    Result r;");
+        self.writeln("    if (remove(path) != 0) {");
+        self.writeln("        char buf[512];");
+        self.writeln("        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), \"Failed to delete file '%s': %s\", path, strerror(errno));");
+        self.writeln("        size_t len = strlen(buf);");
+        self.writeln("        LuxString msg = (LuxString)lux_rc_alloc(len + 1, LUX_TAG_STRING);");
+        self.writeln("        memcpy(msg, buf, len + 1);");
+        self.writeln("        r.tag = Result_TAG_ERR;");
+        self.writeln("        r.data.err.field0 = (void*)msg;");
+        self.writeln("        return r;");
+        self.writeln("    }");
+        self.writeln("    r.tag = Result_TAG_OK;");
+        self.writeln("    r.data.ok.field0 = NULL;");
+        self.writeln("    return r;");
+        self.writeln("}");
+        self.writeln("");
         self.writeln("static LuxString default_file_read(void* env, LuxString path) {");
         self.writeln("    (void)env;");
         self.writeln("    return lux_file_read(path);");
@@ -1391,11 +1504,36 @@ impl CBackend {
         self.writeln("    lux_file_mkdir(path);");
         self.writeln("}");
         self.writeln("");
+        self.writeln("static void default_file_copy(void* env, LuxString src, LuxString dst) {");
+        self.writeln("    (void)env;");
+        self.writeln("    lux_file_copy(src, dst);");
+        self.writeln("}");
+        self.writeln("");
         self.writeln("static LuxList* default_file_readDir(void* env, LuxString path) {");
         self.writeln("    (void)env;");
         self.writeln("    return lux_file_readDir(path);");
         self.writeln("}");
         self.writeln("");
+        self.writeln("static LuxList* default_file_glob(void* env, LuxString pattern) {");
+        self.writeln("    (void)env;");
+        self.writeln("    return lux_file_glob(pattern);");
+        self.writeln("}");
+        self.writeln("");
+        self.writeln("static Result default_file_tryRead(void* env, LuxString path) {");
+        self.writeln("    (void)env;");
+        self.writeln("    return lux_file_tryRead(path);");
+        self.writeln("}");
+        self.writeln("");
+        self.writeln("static Result default_file_tryWrite(void* env, LuxString path, LuxString content) {");
+        self.writeln("    (void)env;");
+        self.writeln("    return lux_file_tryWrite(path, content);");
+        self.writeln("}");
+        self.writeln("");
+        self.writeln("static Result default_file_tryDelete(void* env, LuxString path) {");
+        self.writeln("    (void)env;");
+        self.writeln("    return lux_file_tryDelete(path);");
+        self.writeln("}");
+        self.writeln("");
         self.writeln("static LuxFileHandler default_file_handler = {");
         self.writeln("    .read = default_file_read,");
         self.writeln("    .write = default_file_write,");
@@ -1404,7 +1542,12 @@ impl CBackend {
         self.writeln("    .delete_file = default_file_delete,");
         self.writeln("    .isDir = default_file_isDir,");
         self.writeln("    .mkdir = default_file_mkdir,");
+        self.writeln("    .copy = default_file_copy,");
         self.writeln("    .readDir = default_file_readDir,");
+        self.writeln("    .glob = default_file_glob,");
+        self.writeln("    .tryRead = default_file_tryRead,");
+        self.writeln("    .tryWrite = default_file_tryWrite,");
+        self.writeln("    .tryDelete = default_file_tryDelete,");
         self.writeln("    .env = NULL");
         self.writeln("};");
         self.writeln("");
@@ -2051,6 +2194,42 @@ impl CBackend {
         self.writeln("    return result;");
         self.writeln("}");
         self.writeln("");
+        // Sort helper: compare two void* as boxed ints
+        self.writeln("static int lux_compare_int(const void* a, const void* b) {");
+        self.writeln("    LuxInt va = *(LuxInt*)(*(void**)a);");
+        self.writeln("    LuxInt vb = *(LuxInt*)(*(void**)b);");
+        self.writeln("    return (va > vb) - (va < vb);");
+        self.writeln("}");
+        self.writeln("");
+        self.writeln("static int lux_compare_string(const void* a, const void* b) {");
+        self.writeln("    LuxString sa = (LuxString)(*(void**)a);");
+        self.writeln("    LuxString sb = (LuxString)(*(void**)b);");
+        self.writeln("    return strcmp(sa, sb);");
+        self.writeln("}");
+        self.writeln("");
+        self.writeln("static LuxList* lux_list_sort(LuxList* list) {");
+        self.writeln("    if (list->length <= 1) {");
+        self.writeln("        lux_incref(list);");
+        self.writeln("        return list;");
+        self.writeln("    }");
+        self.writeln("    LuxList* result = lux_list_new(list->length);");
+        self.writeln("    for (int64_t i = 0; i < list->length; i++) {");
+        self.writeln("        lux_incref(list->elements[i]);");
+        self.writeln("        result->elements[i] = list->elements[i];");
+        self.writeln("    }");
+        self.writeln("    result->length = list->length;");
+        self.writeln("    // Determine element type from first element and sort");
+        self.writeln("    if (result->length > 0 && result->elements[0] != NULL) {");
+        self.writeln("        uint32_t tag = LUX_RC_HEADER(result->elements[0])->tag;");
+        self.writeln("        if (tag == LUX_TAG_BOXED_INT) {");
+        self.writeln("            qsort(result->elements, result->length, sizeof(void*), lux_compare_int);");
+        self.writeln("        } else if (tag == LUX_TAG_STRING) {");
+        self.writeln("            qsort(result->elements, result->length, sizeof(void*), lux_compare_string);");
+        self.writeln("        }");
+        self.writeln("    }");
+        self.writeln("    return result;");
+        self.writeln("}");
+        self.writeln("");
         // === Map Runtime Functions ===
         self.writeln("static LuxMap* lux_map_new(int64_t capacity) {");
         self.writeln("    LuxMap* map = (LuxMap*)malloc(sizeof(LuxMap));");
@@ -2124,20 +2303,6 @@ impl CBackend {
         self.writeln("static Option lux_option_none(void) { return (Option){Option_TAG_NONE}; }");
         self.writeln("static Option lux_option_some(void* value) { return (Option){Option_TAG_SOME, .data.some = {value}}; }");
         self.writeln("");
-        self.writeln("// String indexOf / lastIndexOf — return Option<Int>");
-        self.writeln("static Option lux_string_indexOf(LuxString s, LuxString needle) {");
-        self.writeln("    char* pos = strstr(s, needle);");
-        self.writeln("    if (pos) return lux_option_some((void*)(intptr_t)(pos - s));");
-        self.writeln("    return lux_option_none();");
-        self.writeln("}");
-        self.writeln("static Option lux_string_lastIndexOf(LuxString s, LuxString needle) {");
-        self.writeln("    char* last = NULL;");
-        self.writeln("    char* pos = strstr(s, needle);");
-        self.writeln("    while (pos) { last = pos; pos = strstr(pos + 1, needle); }");
-        self.writeln("    if (last) return lux_option_some((void*)(intptr_t)(last - s));");
-        self.writeln("    return lux_option_none();");
-        self.writeln("}");
-        self.writeln("");
         self.writeln("// === Boxing/Unboxing ===");
         self.writeln("// All boxed values are RC-managed.");
         self.writeln("");
@@ -2171,6 +2336,20 @@ impl CBackend {
         self.writeln("}");
         self.writeln("static LuxString lux_unbox_string(void* p) { return (LuxString)p; }");
         self.writeln("");
+        self.writeln("// String indexOf / lastIndexOf — return Option<Int>");
+        self.writeln("static Option lux_string_indexOf(LuxString s, LuxString needle) {");
+        self.writeln("    char* pos = strstr(s, needle);");
+        self.writeln("    if (pos) return lux_option_some(lux_box_int((LuxInt)(pos - s)));");
+        self.writeln("    return lux_option_none();");
+        self.writeln("}");
+        self.writeln("static Option lux_string_lastIndexOf(LuxString s, LuxString needle) {");
+        self.writeln("    char* last = NULL;");
+        self.writeln("    char* pos = strstr(s, needle);");
+        self.writeln("    while (pos) { last = pos; pos = strstr(pos + 1, needle); }");
+        self.writeln("    if (last) return lux_option_some(lux_box_int((LuxInt)(last - s)));");
+        self.writeln("    return lux_option_none();");
+        self.writeln("}");
+        self.writeln("");
         self.writeln("// === Polymorphic Drop Function ===");
         self.writeln("// Called when an object's refcount reaches zero.");
         self.writeln("// Recursively decrefs any owned references before freeing.");
@@ -2706,7 +2885,11 @@ impl CBackend {
         for param in &func.params {
             let escaped = self.escape_c_keyword(&param.name.name);
             if let Ok(c_type) = self.type_expr_to_c(&param.typ) {
-                self.var_types.insert(escaped, c_type);
+                self.var_types.insert(escaped.clone(), c_type);
+                // Track Option inner types for match pattern extraction
+                if let Some(inner) = self.option_inner_type_from_type_expr(&param.typ) {
+                    self.var_option_inner_types.insert(escaped, inner);
+                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -3067,6 +3250,13 @@ impl CBackend {
                 // Infer the type from the value expression
                 let var_type = self.infer_expr_type(value).unwrap_or_else(|| "LuxInt".to_string());
 
+                // Track Option inner type for match pattern extraction
+                if var_type == "Option" {
+                    if let Some(inner) = self.infer_option_inner_type(value) {
+                        self.var_option_inner_types.insert(var_name.clone(), inner);
+                    }
+                }
+
                 self.writeln(&format!("{} {} = {};", var_type, var_name, val));
 
                 // Register the variable rename so nested expressions can find it
@@ -3095,6 +3285,9 @@ impl CBackend {
                         if module_name.name == "Map" {
                             return self.emit_map_operation(&field.name, args);
                         }
+                        if module_name.name == "Ref" {
+                            return self.emit_ref_operation(&field.name, args);
+                        }
                         // Int module
                         if module_name.name == "Int" && field.name == "toString" {
                             let arg = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
@@ -3375,6 +3568,13 @@ impl CBackend {
                             // Record variable type for future inference
                             self.var_types.insert(escaped_name.clone(), typ.clone());
 
+                            // Track Option inner type for match pattern extraction
+                            if typ == "Option" {
+                                if let Some(inner) = self.infer_option_inner_type(value) {
+                                    self.var_option_inner_types.insert(escaped_name.clone(), inner);
+                                }
+                            }
+
                             // Handle ownership transfer or RC registration
                             if let Some(source_name) = source_var {
                                 // Ownership transfer: unregister source, register dest
@@ -3504,6 +3704,11 @@ impl CBackend {
                     return self.emit_map_operation(&operation.name, args);
                 }
 
+                // Ref module
+                if effect.name == "Ref" {
+                    return self.emit_ref_operation(&operation.name, args);
+                }
+
                 // Built-in Console effect
                 if effect.name == "Console" {
                     if operation.name == "print" {
@@ -3679,6 +3884,16 @@ impl CBackend {
                             }
                             return Ok("NULL".to_string());
                         }
+                        "copy" => {
+                            let src = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                            let dst = self.emit_expr(&args[1])?;
+                            if self.has_evidence {
+                                self.writeln(&format!("ev->file->copy(ev->file->env, {}, {});", src, dst));
+                            } else {
+                                self.writeln(&format!("lux_file_copy({}, {});", src, dst));
+                            }
+                            return Ok("NULL".to_string());
+                        }
                         "readDir" | "listDir" => {
                             let path = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
                             let temp = format!("_readdir_{}", self.fresh_name());
@@ -3690,6 +3905,50 @@ impl CBackend {
                             self.register_rc_var(&temp, "LuxList*");
                             return Ok(temp);
                         }
+                        "glob" => {
+                            let pattern = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                            let temp = format!("_glob_{}", self.fresh_name());
+                            if self.has_evidence {
+                                self.writeln(&format!("LuxList* {} = ev->file->glob(ev->file->env, {});", temp, pattern));
+                            } else {
+                                self.writeln(&format!("LuxList* {} = lux_file_glob({});", temp, pattern));
+                            }
+                            self.register_rc_var(&temp, "LuxList*");
+                            return Ok(temp);
+                        }
+                        "tryRead" => {
+                            let path = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                            let temp = format!("_file_tryread_{}", self.fresh_name());
+                            if self.has_evidence {
+                                self.writeln(&format!("Result {} = ev->file->tryRead(ev->file->env, {});", temp, path));
+                            } else {
+                                self.writeln(&format!("Result {} = lux_file_tryRead({});", temp, path));
+                            }
+                            return Ok(temp);
+                        }
+                        "tryWrite" => {
+                            let path = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                            let content = self.emit_expr(&args[1])?;
+                            if self.has_evidence {
+                                let temp = format!("_file_trywrite_{}", self.fresh_name());
+                                self.writeln(&format!("Result {} = ev->file->tryWrite(ev->file->env, {}, {});", temp, path, content));
+                                return Ok(temp);
+                            } else {
+                                let temp = format!("_file_trywrite_{}", self.fresh_name());
+                                self.writeln(&format!("Result {} = lux_file_tryWrite({}, {});", temp, path, content));
+                                return Ok(temp);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        "tryDelete" => {
+                            let path = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                            let temp = format!("_file_trydelete_{}", self.fresh_name());
+                            if self.has_evidence {
+                                self.writeln(&format!("Result {} = ev->file->tryDelete(ev->file->env, {});", temp, path));
+                            } else {
+                                self.writeln(&format!("Result {} = lux_file_tryDelete({});", temp, path));
+                            }
+                            return Ok(temp);
+                        }
                         _ => {}
                     }
                 }
@@ -4615,6 +4874,184 @@ impl CBackend {
                 Ok(result_var)
             }
 
+            "sort" => {
+                if args.len() != 1 {
+                    return Err(CGenError {
+                        message: "List.sort takes 1 argument".to_string(),
+                        span: None,
+                    });
+                }
+                let list = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                let result_var = format!("_sorted_{}", self.fresh_name());
+                self.writeln(&format!(
+                    "LuxList* {} = lux_list_sort({});",
+                    result_var, list
+                ));
+                self.register_rc_var(&result_var, "LuxList*");
+                Ok(result_var)
+            }
+            "sortBy" => {
+                if args.len() != 2 {
+                    return Err(CGenError {
+                        message: "List.sortBy takes 2 arguments".to_string(),
+                        span: None,
+                    });
+                }
+                let list = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                let closure = self.emit_expr(&args[1])?;
+                let result_var = format!("_sorted_{}", self.fresh_name());
+                // Copy the list then do insertion sort with custom comparator
+                self.writeln(&format!(
+                    "LuxList* {} = lux_list_new({}->length);",
+                    result_var, list
+                ));
+                self.writeln(&format!(
+                    "for (int64_t _i = 0; _i < {}->length; _i++) {{",
+                    list
+                ));
+                self.writeln(&format!(
+                    "    lux_incref({}->elements[_i]);",
+                    list
+                ));
+                self.writeln(&format!(
+                    "    {}->elements[_i] = {}->elements[_i];",
+                    result_var, list
+                ));
+                self.writeln("}");
+                self.writeln(&format!(
+                    "{}->length = {}->length;",
+                    result_var, list
+                ));
+                // Insertion sort using the comparator closure
+                self.writeln(&format!(
+                    "for (int64_t _i = 1; _i < {}->length; _i++) {{",
+                    result_var
+                ));
+                self.writeln(&format!(
+                    "    void* _key = {}->elements[_i];",
+                    result_var
+                ));
+                self.writeln("    int64_t _j = _i - 1;");
+                self.writeln(&format!(
+                    "    while (_j >= 0 && *(LuxInt*){}.fn({}.env, {}->elements[_j], _key) > 0) {{",
+                    closure, closure, result_var
+                ));
+                self.writeln(&format!(
+                    "        {}->elements[_j + 1] = {}->elements[_j];",
+                    result_var, result_var
+                ));
+                self.writeln("        _j--;");
+                self.writeln("    }");
+                self.writeln(&format!(
+                    "    {}->elements[_j + 1] = _key;",
+                    result_var
+                ));
+                self.writeln("}");
+                self.register_rc_var(&result_var, "LuxList*");
+                Ok(result_var)
+            }
+            "findIndex" => {
+                if args.len() != 2 {
+                    return Err(CGenError { message: "List.findIndex takes 2 arguments".to_string(), span: None });
+                }
+                let elem_type = self.infer_callback_param_type(&args[1], 0);
+                let elem_is_prim = Self::is_primitive_c_type(&elem_type);
+
+                let list = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                let closure = self.emit_expr(&args[1])?;
+                let id = self.fresh_name();
+                let result_var = format!("_findidx_{}", id);
+                let i_var = format!("_i_{}", id);
+                let elem_var = format!("_elem_{}", id);
+                let fn_var = format!("_fn_{}", id);
+                let matches_var = format!("_matches_{}", id);
+
+                let arg_pass = if elem_is_prim {
+                    format!("{}({})", Self::unbox_fn_for_type(&elem_type), elem_var)
+                } else {
+                    elem_var.clone()
+                };
+                let fn_cast = if elem_is_prim {
+                    format!("(LuxBool(*)(void*, {}))", elem_type)
+                } else {
+                    "(LuxBool(*)(void*, void*))".to_string()
+                };
+
+                self.writeln(&format!("Option {} = lux_option_none();", result_var));
+                self.writeln(&format!("for (int64_t {} = 0; {} < {}->length; {}++) {{", i_var, i_var, list, i_var));
+                self.indent += 1;
+                self.writeln(&format!("void* {} = {}->elements[{}];", elem_var, list, i_var));
+                self.writeln(&format!("LuxClosure* {} = (LuxClosure*){};", fn_var, closure));
+                self.writeln(&format!("LuxBool {} = ({}{}->fn_ptr)({}->env, {});", matches_var, fn_cast, fn_var, fn_var, arg_pass));
+                self.writeln(&format!("if ({}) {{", matches_var));
+                self.indent += 1;
+                self.writeln(&format!("{} = lux_option_some((void*)(intptr_t){});", result_var, i_var));
+                self.writeln("break;");
+                self.indent -= 1;
+                self.writeln("}");
+                self.indent -= 1;
+                self.writeln("}");
+                if closure.starts_with("_closure_") || closure.starts_with("_fn_ref_") {
+                    self.writeln(&format!("lux_decref_closure({});", closure));
+                }
+                Ok(result_var)
+            }
+
+            "zip" => {
+                if args.len() != 2 {
+                    return Err(CGenError { message: "List.zip takes 2 arguments".to_string(), span: None });
+                }
+                let list1 = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                let list2 = self.emit_expr(&args[1])?;
+                let id = self.fresh_name();
+                let result_var = format!("_zip_{}", id);
+                let len_var = format!("_ziplen_{}", id);
+                let i_var = format!("_i_{}", id);
+
+                self.writeln(&format!("int64_t {} = {}->length < {}->length ? {}->length : {}->length;", len_var, list1, list2, list1, list2));
+                self.writeln(&format!("LuxList* {} = lux_list_new({});", result_var, len_var));
+                self.writeln(&format!("for (int64_t {} = 0; {} < {}; {}++) {{", i_var, i_var, len_var, i_var));
+                self.indent += 1;
+                self.writeln(&format!("LuxTuple* _tup = (LuxTuple*)lux_rc_alloc(sizeof(LuxTuple) + 2 * sizeof(void*), LUX_TAG_TUPLE);"));
+                self.writeln("_tup->length = 2;");
+                self.writeln(&format!("_tup->elements[0] = {}->elements[{}];", list1, i_var));
+                self.writeln(&format!("_tup->elements[1] = {}->elements[{}];", list2, i_var));
+                self.writeln(&format!("lux_incref({}->elements[{}]);", list1, i_var));
+                self.writeln(&format!("lux_incref({}->elements[{}]);", list2, i_var));
+                self.writeln(&format!("lux_list_push({}, (void*)_tup);", result_var));
+                self.indent -= 1;
+                self.writeln("}");
+                self.register_rc_var(&result_var, "LuxList*");
+                Ok(result_var)
+            }
+
+            "flatten" => {
+                if args.len() != 1 {
+                    return Err(CGenError { message: "List.flatten takes 1 argument".to_string(), span: None });
+                }
+                let list = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                let id = self.fresh_name();
+                let result_var = format!("_flat_{}", id);
+                let i_var = format!("_i_{}", id);
+                let j_var = format!("_j_{}", id);
+                let inner_var = format!("_inner_{}", id);
+
+                self.writeln(&format!("LuxList* {} = lux_list_new(16);", result_var));
+                self.writeln(&format!("for (int64_t {} = 0; {} < {}->length; {}++) {{", i_var, i_var, list, i_var));
+                self.indent += 1;
+                self.writeln(&format!("LuxList* {} = (LuxList*){}->elements[{}];", inner_var, list, i_var));
+                self.writeln(&format!("for (int64_t {} = 0; {} < {}->length; {}++) {{", j_var, j_var, inner_var, j_var));
+                self.indent += 1;
+                self.writeln(&format!("lux_incref({}->elements[{}]);", inner_var, j_var));
+                self.writeln(&format!("lux_list_push({}, {}->elements[{}]);", result_var, inner_var, j_var));
+                self.indent -= 1;
+                self.writeln("}");
+                self.indent -= 1;
+                self.writeln("}");
+                self.register_rc_var(&result_var, "LuxList*");
+                Ok(result_var)
+            }
+
             _ => Err(CGenError {
                 message: format!("Unsupported List operation: {}", op),
                 span: None,
@@ -4756,6 +5193,42 @@ impl CBackend {
         }
     }
 
+    fn emit_ref_operation(&mut self, op: &str, args: &[Expr]) -> Result<String, CGenError> {
+        match op {
+            "new" => {
+                let val = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                let boxed = self.box_value(&val, None);
+                let temp = format!("_ref_new_{}", self.fresh_name());
+                self.writeln(&format!("void** {} = (void**)malloc(sizeof(void*));", temp));
+                self.writeln(&format!("*{} = {};", temp, boxed));
+                Ok(temp)
+            }
+            "get" => {
+                let r = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                Ok(format!("(*({}))  /* Ref.get */", r))
+            }
+            "set" => {
+                let r = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                let val = self.emit_expr(&args[1])?;
+                let boxed = self.box_value(&val, None);
+                self.writeln(&format!("*{} = {};", r, boxed));
+                Ok("0 /* Unit */".to_string())
+            }
+            "update" => {
+                let r = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                let f = self.emit_expr(&args[1])?;
+                let temp = format!("_ref_upd_{}", self.fresh_name());
+                self.writeln(&format!("void* {} = ((void*(*)(void*)){})(*({}));", temp, f, r));
+                self.writeln(&format!("*{} = {};", r, temp));
+                Ok("0 /* Unit */".to_string())
+            }
+            _ => Err(CGenError {
+                message: format!("Unsupported Ref operation: {}", op),
+                span: None,
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
     fn emit_expr_with_substitution(&mut self, expr: &Expr, from: &str, to: &str) -> Result<String, CGenError> {
         // Simple substitution - in a real implementation, this would be more sophisticated
         match expr {
@@ -4841,8 +5314,8 @@ impl CBackend {
                 if c_type == "void*" {
                     // Cast from void* to actual type
                     if Self::is_primitive_c_type(&actual_type) {
-                        // For primitive types stored as void*, cast via intptr_t
+                        // For primitive types stored as boxed void*, dereference
-                        self.writeln(&format!("{} {} = ({})(intptr_t)({});", actual_type, var_name, actual_type, c_expr));
+                        self.writeln(&format!("{} {} = *({}*)({});", actual_type, var_name, actual_type, c_expr));
                     } else if !actual_type.ends_with('*') && actual_type != "void" {
                         // Struct types: cast to pointer and dereference
                         self.writeln(&format!("{} {} = *({}*)({});", actual_type, var_name, actual_type, c_expr));
@@ -5047,8 +5520,8 @@ impl CBackend {
                             },
                             "List" => match field.name.as_str() {
                                 "map" | "filter" | "concat" | "reverse" | "take" | "drop"
-                                | "range" | "sort" | "sortBy" | "flatten" | "intersperse" => return Some("LuxList*".to_string()),
+                                | "range" | "sort" | "sortBy" | "flatten" | "intersperse" | "zip" => return Some("LuxList*".to_string()),
-                                "head" | "tail" | "get" | "find" | "last" => return Some("Option".to_string()),
+                                "head" | "tail" | "get" | "find" | "findIndex" | "last" => return Some("Option".to_string()),
                                 "length" => return Some("LuxInt".to_string()),
                                 "fold" | "foldLeft" => {
                                     // Fold return type is the type of the init value (2nd arg)
@@ -5142,9 +5615,9 @@ impl CBackend {
                 if effect.name == "List" {
                     match operation.name.as_str() {
                         // Operations returning lists
-                        "map" | "filter" | "concat" | "reverse" | "take" | "drop" | "range" => Some("LuxList*".to_string()),
+                        "map" | "filter" | "concat" | "reverse" | "take" | "drop" | "range" | "sort" | "sortBy" | "zip" | "flatten" => Some("LuxList*".to_string()),
                         // Operations returning Option
-                        "head" | "tail" | "get" | "find" => Some("Option".to_string()),
+                        "head" | "tail" | "get" | "find" | "findIndex" => Some("Option".to_string()),
                         // Operations returning Int
                         "length" => Some("LuxInt".to_string()),
                         // Fold returns the type of the init value
@@ -5156,7 +5629,7 @@ impl CBackend {
                             }
                         }
                         // Operations returning Bool
-                        "isEmpty" | "any" | "all" => Some("LuxBool".to_string()),
+                        "isEmpty" | "any" | "all" | "contains" => Some("LuxBool".to_string()),
                         _ => None,
                     }
                 } else if effect.name == "Random" {
@@ -5175,9 +5648,10 @@ impl CBackend {
                 } else if effect.name == "File" {
                     match operation.name.as_str() {
                         "read" => Some("LuxString".to_string()),
-                        "write" | "append" | "delete" | "mkdir" => Some("void".to_string()),
+                        "write" | "append" | "delete" | "mkdir" | "copy" => Some("void".to_string()),
                         "exists" | "isDir" => Some("LuxBool".to_string()),
-                        "readDir" | "listDir" => Some("LuxList*".to_string()),
+                        "readDir" | "listDir" | "glob" => Some("LuxList*".to_string()),
+                        "tryRead" | "tryWrite" | "tryDelete" => Some("Result".to_string()),
                         _ => None,
                     }
                 } else if effect.name == "Http" {
@@ -5383,7 +5857,13 @@ impl CBackend {
                     None
                 }
             }
-            Expr::Var(_) => None,
+            Expr::Var(ident) => {
+                let escaped = self.escape_c_keyword(&ident.name);
+                // Check renamed variables first, then original name
+                let lookup_name = self.var_renames.get(&ident.name).unwrap_or(&escaped);
+                self.var_option_inner_types.get(lookup_name).cloned()
+                    .or_else(|| self.var_option_inner_types.get(&escaped).cloned())
+            }
             _ => None,
         }
     }
@@ -5561,9 +6041,25 @@ impl CBackend {
         }
     }
 
-    fn emit_global_let(&mut self, name: &Ident, value: &Expr) -> Result<(), CGenError> {
+    fn emit_global_let(&mut self, let_decl: &crate::ast::LetDecl) -> Result<(), CGenError> {
-        let val = self.emit_expr(value)?;
+        // Infer type from the value expression (or type annotation)
-        self.writeln(&format!("static LuxInt {} = {};", name.name, val));
+        let typ = if let Some(ref type_expr) = let_decl.typ {
+            self.type_expr_to_c(type_expr).unwrap_or_else(|_| "LuxInt".to_string())
+        } else {
+            self.infer_expr_type(&let_decl.value).unwrap_or_else(|| "LuxInt".to_string())
+        };
+        let default = match typ.as_str() {
+            "LuxString" => "NULL",
+            "LuxBool" => "false",
+            "LuxFloat" => "0.0",
+            "LuxList*" | "LuxClosure*" => "NULL",
+            "Option" => "{0}",
+            "Result" => "{0}",
+            _ if typ.ends_with('*') => "NULL",
+            _ => "0",
+        };
+        self.writeln(&format!("static {} {} = {};", typ, let_decl.name.name, default));
+        self.var_types.insert(let_decl.name.name.clone(), typ);
         self.writeln("");
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -5574,12 +6070,16 @@ impl CBackend {
             matches!(d, Declaration::Function(f) if f.name.name == "main")
         });
 
-        // Check for top-level run expressions
+        // Check for top-level run expressions or let bindings
         let has_run = program.declarations.iter().any(|d| {
             matches!(d, Declaration::Let(let_decl) if matches!(&let_decl.value, Expr::Run { .. }))
         });
 
-        if has_main || has_run {
+        let has_global_lets = program.declarations.iter().any(|d| {
+            matches!(d, Declaration::Let(let_decl) if !matches!(&let_decl.value, Expr::Run { .. }))
+        });
+
+        if has_main || has_run || has_global_lets {
             self.writeln("int main(int argc, char** argv) {");
             self.indent += 1;
 
@@ -5588,6 +6088,16 @@ impl CBackend {
             self.writeln("lux_argv = argv;");
             self.writeln("");
 
+            // Initialize top-level let bindings (non-run) inside main
+            for decl in &program.declarations {
+                if let Declaration::Let(let_decl) = decl {
+                    if !matches!(&let_decl.value, Expr::Run { .. }) {
+                        let val = self.emit_expr(&let_decl.value)?;
+                        self.writeln(&format!("{} = {};", let_decl.name.name, val));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
             // Execute top-level let bindings with run expressions
             // Track if main was already called via a run expression
             let mut main_called_via_run = false;
@@ -5652,6 +6162,20 @@ impl CBackend {
         self.type_expr_to_c(type_expr)
     }
 
+    /// Extract the inner C type from an Option<T> type expression
+    fn option_inner_type_from_type_expr(&self, type_expr: &TypeExpr) -> Option<String> {
+        if let TypeExpr::App(base, args) = type_expr {
+            if let TypeExpr::Named(name) = base.as_ref() {
+                if name.name == "Option" {
+                    if let Some(inner) = args.first() {
+                        return self.type_expr_to_c(inner).ok();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
     fn type_expr_to_c(&self, type_expr: &TypeExpr) -> Result<String, CGenError> {
         match type_expr {
             TypeExpr::Named(ident) => {
@@ -6004,7 +6528,8 @@ impl CBackend {
                             // These List operations return new lists
                             return matches!(field.name.as_str(),
                                 "map" | "filter" | "concat" | "reverse" |
-                                "take" | "drop" | "range"
+                                "take" | "drop" | "range" | "zip" | "flatten" |
+                                "sort" | "sortBy"
                             );
                         }
                         if module.name == "String" {
@@ -6030,7 +6555,8 @@ impl CBackend {
                 if effect.name == "List" {
                     matches!(operation.name.as_str(),
                         "map" | "filter" | "concat" | "reverse" |
-                        "take" | "drop" | "range"
+                        "take" | "drop" | "range" | "zip" | "flatten" |
+                        "sort" | "sortBy"
                     )
                 } else if effect.name == "Process" {
                     // Process.exec returns RC-managed string

src/codegen/js_backend.rs

@@ -69,6 +69,12 @@ pub struct JsBackend {
     has_handlers: bool,
     /// Variable substitutions for let binding
     var_substitutions: HashMap<String, String>,
+    /// Effects actually used in the program (for tree-shaking runtime)
+    used_effects: HashSet<String>,
+    /// Extern function names mapped to their JS names
+    extern_fns: HashMap<String, String>,
+    /// Extern let names mapped to their JS names
+    extern_lets: HashMap<String, String>,
 }
 
 impl JsBackend {
@@ -90,6 +96,9 @@ impl JsBackend {
             effectful_functions: HashSet::new(),
             has_handlers: false,
             var_substitutions: HashMap::new(),
+            used_effects: HashSet::new(),
+            extern_fns: HashMap::new(),
+            extern_lets: HashMap::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -97,9 +106,6 @@ impl JsBackend {
     pub fn generate(&mut self, program: &Program) -> Result<String, JsGenError> {
         self.output.clear();
 
-        // Emit runtime helpers
-        self.emit_runtime();
-
         // First pass: collect all function names, types, and effects
         for decl in &program.declarations {
             match decl {
@@ -112,10 +118,31 @@ impl JsBackend {
                 Declaration::Type(t) => {
                     self.collect_type(t)?;
                 }
+                Declaration::ExternFn(ext) => {
+                    let js_name = ext
+                        .js_name
+                        .clone()
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| ext.name.name.clone());
+                    self.extern_fns.insert(ext.name.name.clone(), js_name);
+                    self.functions.insert(ext.name.name.clone());
+                }
+                Declaration::ExternLet(ext) => {
+                    let js_name = ext
+                        .js_name
+                        .clone()
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| ext.name.name.clone());
+                    self.extern_lets.insert(ext.name.name.clone(), js_name);
+                }
                 _ => {}
             }
         }
 
+        // Collect used effects for tree-shaking
+        self.collect_used_effects(program);
+
+        // Emit runtime helpers (tree-shaken based on used effects)
+        self.emit_runtime();
+
         // Emit type constructors
         for decl in &program.declarations {
             if let Declaration::Type(t) = decl {
@@ -163,32 +190,181 @@ impl JsBackend {
         Ok(self.output.clone())
     }
 
-    /// Emit the minimal Lux runtime
+    /// Collect all effects used in the program for runtime tree-shaking
+    fn collect_used_effects(&mut self, program: &Program) {
+        for decl in &program.declarations {
+            match decl {
+                Declaration::Function(f) => {
+                    for effect in &f.effects {
+                        self.used_effects.insert(effect.name.clone());
+                    }
+                    self.collect_effects_from_expr(&f.body);
+                }
+                Declaration::Let(l) => {
+                    self.collect_effects_from_expr(&l.value);
+                }
+                Declaration::Handler(h) => {
+                    self.used_effects.insert(h.effect.name.clone());
+                    for imp in &h.implementations {
+                        self.collect_effects_from_expr(&imp.body);
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Recursively collect effect names from an expression
+    fn collect_effects_from_expr(&mut self, expr: &Expr) {
+        match expr {
+            Expr::EffectOp { effect, args, .. } => {
+                self.used_effects.insert(effect.name.clone());
+                for arg in args {
+                    self.collect_effects_from_expr(arg);
+                }
+            }
+            Expr::Run { expr, handlers, .. } => {
+                self.collect_effects_from_expr(expr);
+                for (effect, handler) in handlers {
+                    self.used_effects.insert(effect.name.clone());
+                    self.collect_effects_from_expr(handler);
+                }
+            }
+            Expr::Call { func, args, .. } => {
+                self.collect_effects_from_expr(func);
+                for arg in args {
+                    self.collect_effects_from_expr(arg);
+                }
+            }
+            Expr::Lambda { body, effects, .. } => {
+                for effect in effects {
+                    self.used_effects.insert(effect.name.clone());
+                }
+                self.collect_effects_from_expr(body);
+            }
+            Expr::Let { value, body, .. } => {
+                self.collect_effects_from_expr(value);
+                self.collect_effects_from_expr(body);
+            }
+            Expr::If { condition, then_branch, else_branch, .. } => {
+                self.collect_effects_from_expr(condition);
+                self.collect_effects_from_expr(then_branch);
+                self.collect_effects_from_expr(else_branch);
+            }
+            Expr::Match { scrutinee, arms, .. } => {
+                self.collect_effects_from_expr(scrutinee);
+                for arm in arms {
+                    self.collect_effects_from_expr(&arm.body);
+                    if let Some(guard) = &arm.guard {
+                        self.collect_effects_from_expr(guard);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Expr::Block { statements, result, .. } => {
+                for stmt in statements {
+                    match stmt {
+                        Statement::Expr(e) => self.collect_effects_from_expr(e),
+                        Statement::Let { value, .. } => self.collect_effects_from_expr(value),
+                    }
+                }
+                self.collect_effects_from_expr(result);
+            }
+            Expr::BinaryOp { left, right, .. } => {
+                self.collect_effects_from_expr(left);
+                self.collect_effects_from_expr(right);
+            }
+            Expr::UnaryOp { operand, .. } => {
+                self.collect_effects_from_expr(operand);
+            }
+            Expr::Field { object, .. } => {
+                self.collect_effects_from_expr(object);
+            }
+            Expr::TupleIndex { object, .. } => {
+                self.collect_effects_from_expr(object);
+            }
+            Expr::Record { spread, fields, .. } => {
+                if let Some(s) = spread {
+                    self.collect_effects_from_expr(s);
+                }
+                for (_, expr) in fields {
+                    self.collect_effects_from_expr(expr);
+                }
+            }
+            Expr::Tuple { elements, .. } | Expr::List { elements, .. } => {
+                for el in elements {
+                    self.collect_effects_from_expr(el);
+                }
+            }
+            Expr::Resume { value, .. } => {
+                self.collect_effects_from_expr(value);
+            }
+            Expr::Literal(_) | Expr::Var(_) => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Emit the Lux runtime, tree-shaken based on used effects
     fn emit_runtime(&mut self) {
+        let uses_console = self.used_effects.contains("Console");
+        let uses_random = self.used_effects.contains("Random");
+        let uses_time = self.used_effects.contains("Time");
+        let uses_http = self.used_effects.contains("Http");
+        let uses_dom = self.used_effects.contains("Dom");
+        let uses_html = self.used_effects.contains("Html") || uses_dom;
+
         self.writeln("// Lux Runtime");
         self.writeln("const Lux = {");
         self.indent += 1;
 
-        // Option helpers
+        // Core helpers — always emitted
         self.writeln("Some: (value) => ({ tag: \"Some\", value }),");
         self.writeln("None: () => ({ tag: \"None\" }),");
         self.writeln("");
-
-        // Result helpers
         self.writeln("Ok: (value) => ({ tag: \"Ok\", value }),");
         self.writeln("Err: (error) => ({ tag: \"Err\", error }),");
         self.writeln("");
-
-        // List helpers
         self.writeln("Cons: (head, tail) => [head, ...tail],");
         self.writeln("Nil: () => [],");
         self.writeln("");
 
-        // Default handlers for effects
+        // Default handlers — only include effects that are used
         self.writeln("defaultHandlers: {");
         self.indent += 1;
 
-        // Console effect
+        if uses_console {
+            self.emit_console_handler();
+        }
+        if uses_random {
+            self.emit_random_handler();
+        }
+        if uses_time {
+            self.emit_time_handler();
+        }
+        if uses_http {
+            self.emit_http_handler();
+        }
+        if uses_dom {
+            self.emit_dom_handler();
+        }
+
+        self.indent -= 1;
+        self.writeln("},");
+
+        // HTML rendering — only if Html or Dom effects are used
+        if uses_html {
+            self.emit_html_helpers();
+        }
+
+        // TEA runtime — only if Dom is used
+        if uses_dom {
+            self.emit_tea_runtime();
+        }
+
+        self.indent -= 1;
+        self.writeln("};");
+        self.writeln("");
+    }
+
+    fn emit_console_handler(&mut self) {
         self.writeln("Console: {");
         self.indent += 1;
         self.writeln("print: (msg) => console.log(msg),");
@@ -207,8 +383,9 @@ impl JsBackend {
         self.writeln("readInt: () => parseInt(Lux.defaultHandlers.Console.readLine(), 10)");
         self.indent -= 1;
         self.writeln("},");
+    }
 
-        // Random effect
+    fn emit_random_handler(&mut self) {
         self.writeln("Random: {");
         self.indent += 1;
         self.writeln("int: (min, max) => Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1)) + min,");
@@ -216,16 +393,18 @@ impl JsBackend {
         self.writeln("float: () => Math.random()");
         self.indent -= 1;
         self.writeln("},");
+    }
 
-        // Time effect
+    fn emit_time_handler(&mut self) {
         self.writeln("Time: {");
         self.indent += 1;
         self.writeln("now: () => Date.now(),");
         self.writeln("sleep: (ms) => new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms))");
         self.indent -= 1;
         self.writeln("},");
+    }
 
-        // Http effect (browser/Node compatible)
+    fn emit_http_handler(&mut self) {
         self.writeln("Http: {");
         self.indent += 1;
         self.writeln("get: async (url) => {");
@@ -287,8 +466,9 @@ impl JsBackend {
         self.writeln("}");
         self.indent -= 1;
         self.writeln("},");
+    }
 
-        // Dom effect (browser only - stubs for Node.js)
+    fn emit_dom_handler(&mut self) {
         self.writeln("Dom: {");
         self.indent += 1;
 
@@ -316,7 +496,6 @@ impl JsBackend {
         self.indent -= 1;
         self.writeln("},");
 
-        // Element creation
         self.writeln("createElement: (tag) => {");
         self.indent += 1;
         self.writeln("if (typeof document === 'undefined') return null;");
@@ -331,7 +510,6 @@ impl JsBackend {
         self.indent -= 1;
         self.writeln("},");
 
-        // DOM manipulation
         self.writeln("appendChild: (parent, child) => {");
         self.indent += 1;
         self.writeln("if (parent && child) parent.appendChild(child);");
@@ -356,7 +534,6 @@ impl JsBackend {
         self.indent -= 1;
         self.writeln("},");
 
-        // Content
         self.writeln("setTextContent: (el, text) => {");
         self.indent += 1;
         self.writeln("if (el) el.textContent = text;");
@@ -381,7 +558,6 @@ impl JsBackend {
         self.indent -= 1;
         self.writeln("},");
 
-        // Attributes
         self.writeln("setAttribute: (el, name, value) => {");
         self.indent += 1;
         self.writeln("if (el) el.setAttribute(name, value);");
@@ -408,7 +584,6 @@ impl JsBackend {
         self.indent -= 1;
         self.writeln("},");
 
-        // Classes
         self.writeln("addClass: (el, className) => {");
         self.indent += 1;
         self.writeln("if (el) el.classList.add(className);");
@@ -433,7 +608,6 @@ impl JsBackend {
         self.indent -= 1;
         self.writeln("},");
 
-        // Styles
         self.writeln("setStyle: (el, property, value) => {");
         self.indent += 1;
         self.writeln("if (el) el.style[property] = value;");
@@ -446,7 +620,6 @@ impl JsBackend {
         self.indent -= 1;
         self.writeln("},");
 
-        // Form elements
         self.writeln("getValue: (el) => {");
         self.indent += 1;
         self.writeln("return el ? el.value : '';");
@@ -471,7 +644,6 @@ impl JsBackend {
         self.indent -= 1;
         self.writeln("},");
 
-        // Events
         self.writeln("addEventListener: (el, event, handler) => {");
         self.indent += 1;
         self.writeln("if (el) el.addEventListener(event, handler);");
@@ -484,7 +656,6 @@ impl JsBackend {
         self.indent -= 1;
         self.writeln("},");
 
-        // Focus
         self.writeln("focus: (el) => {");
         self.indent += 1;
         self.writeln("if (el && el.focus) el.focus();");
@@ -497,7 +668,6 @@ impl JsBackend {
         self.indent -= 1;
         self.writeln("},");
 
-        // Document
         self.writeln("getBody: () => {");
         self.indent += 1;
         self.writeln("if (typeof document === 'undefined') return null;");
@@ -512,7 +682,6 @@ impl JsBackend {
         self.indent -= 1;
         self.writeln("},");
 
-        // Window
         self.writeln("getWindow: () => {");
         self.indent += 1;
         self.writeln("if (typeof window === 'undefined') return null;");
@@ -545,7 +714,6 @@ impl JsBackend {
         self.indent -= 1;
         self.writeln("},");
 
-        // Scroll
         self.writeln("scrollTo: (x, y) => {");
         self.indent += 1;
         self.writeln("if (typeof window !== 'undefined') window.scrollTo(x, y);");
@@ -558,7 +726,6 @@ impl JsBackend {
         self.indent -= 1;
         self.writeln("},");
 
-        // Dimensions
         self.writeln("getBoundingClientRect: (el) => {");
         self.indent += 1;
         self.writeln("if (!el) return { top: 0, left: 0, width: 0, height: 0, right: 0, bottom: 0 };");
@@ -574,13 +741,11 @@ impl JsBackend {
         self.indent -= 1;
         self.writeln("}");
 
-        self.indent -= 1;
-        self.writeln("}");
-
         self.indent -= 1;
         self.writeln("},");
+    }
 
-        // HTML rendering helpers
+    fn emit_html_helpers(&mut self) {
         self.writeln("");
         self.writeln("// HTML rendering");
         self.writeln("renderHtml: (node) => {");
@@ -682,8 +847,9 @@ impl JsBackend {
         self.writeln("return el;");
         self.indent -= 1;
         self.writeln("},");
+    }
 
-        // TEA (The Elm Architecture) runtime
+    fn emit_tea_runtime(&mut self) {
         self.writeln("");
         self.writeln("// The Elm Architecture (TEA) runtime");
         self.writeln("app: (config) => {");
@@ -727,7 +893,6 @@ impl JsBackend {
         self.indent -= 1;
         self.writeln("},");
 
-        // Simple app (for string-based views like the counter example)
         self.writeln("");
         self.writeln("// Simple TEA app (string-based view)");
         self.writeln("simpleApp: (config) => {");
@@ -757,7 +922,6 @@ impl JsBackend {
         self.indent -= 1;
         self.writeln("},");
 
-        // Diff and patch (basic implementation for view_deps optimization)
         self.writeln("");
         self.writeln("// Basic diff - checks if model fields changed");
         self.writeln("hasChanged: (oldModel, newModel, ...paths) => {");
@@ -777,11 +941,7 @@ impl JsBackend {
         self.writeln("}");
         self.writeln("return false;");
         self.indent -= 1;
-        self.writeln("}");
+        self.writeln("},");
-
-        self.indent -= 1;
-        self.writeln("};");
-        self.writeln("");
     }
 
     /// Collect type information from a type declaration
@@ -947,6 +1107,9 @@ impl JsBackend {
                 } else if self.functions.contains(&ident.name) {
                     // Function reference (used as value)
                     Ok(self.mangle_name(&ident.name))
+                } else if let Some(js_name) = self.extern_lets.get(&ident.name) {
+                    // Extern let: use JS name directly (no mangling)
+                    Ok(js_name.clone())
                 } else {
                     Ok(self.escape_js_keyword(&ident.name))
                 }
@@ -1079,6 +1242,9 @@ impl JsBackend {
                         if module_name.name == "Map" {
                             return self.emit_map_operation(&field.name, args);
                         }
+                        if module_name.name == "Ref" {
+                            return self.emit_ref_operation(&field.name, args);
+                        }
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -1225,6 +1391,11 @@ impl JsBackend {
                     return self.emit_map_operation(&operation.name, args);
                 }
 
+                // Special case: Ref module operations (not an effect)
+                if effect.name == "Ref" {
+                    return self.emit_ref_operation(&operation.name, args);
+                }
+
                 // Special case: Html module operations (not an effect)
                 if effect.name == "Html" {
                     return self.emit_html_operation(&operation.name, args);
@@ -1673,6 +1844,79 @@ impl JsBackend {
                     end, start, start
                 ))
             }
+            "sort" => {
+                let list = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                Ok(format!(
+                    "[...{}].sort((a, b) => a < b ? -1 : a > b ? 1 : 0)",
+                    list
+                ))
+            }
+            "sortBy" => {
+                let list = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                let func = self.emit_expr(&args[1])?;
+                Ok(format!("[...{}].sort({})", list, func))
+            }
+            "find" => {
+                let list = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                let pred = self.emit_expr(&args[1])?;
+                Ok(format!(
+                    "((__l) => {{ const __r = __l.find({}); return __r !== undefined ? Lux.Some(__r) : Lux.None(); }})({})",
+                    pred, list
+                ))
+            }
+            "findIndex" => {
+                let list = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                let pred = self.emit_expr(&args[1])?;
+                Ok(format!(
+                    "((__l) => {{ const __i = __l.findIndex({}); return __i !== -1 ? Lux.Some(__i) : Lux.None(); }})({})",
+                    pred, list
+                ))
+            }
+            "any" => {
+                let list = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                let pred = self.emit_expr(&args[1])?;
+                Ok(format!("{}.some({})", list, pred))
+            }
+            "all" => {
+                let list = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                let pred = self.emit_expr(&args[1])?;
+                Ok(format!("{}.every({})", list, pred))
+            }
+            "zip" => {
+                let list1 = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                let list2 = self.emit_expr(&args[1])?;
+                Ok(format!(
+                    "((__a, __b) => __a.slice(0, Math.min(__a.length, __b.length)).map((__x, __i) => [__x, __b[__i]]))({})",
+                    format!("{}, {}", list1, list2)
+                ))
+            }
+            "flatten" => {
+                let list = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                Ok(format!("{}.flat()", list))
+            }
+            "contains" => {
+                let list = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                let elem = self.emit_expr(&args[1])?;
+                Ok(format!(
+                    "{}.some(__x => JSON.stringify(__x) === JSON.stringify({}))",
+                    list, elem
+                ))
+            }
+            "take" => {
+                let list = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                let n = self.emit_expr(&args[1])?;
+                Ok(format!("{}.slice(0, Math.max(0, {}))", list, n))
+            }
+            "drop" => {
+                let list = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                let n = self.emit_expr(&args[1])?;
+                Ok(format!("{}.slice(Math.max(0, {}))", list, n))
+            }
+            "forEach" => {
+                let list = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                let func = self.emit_expr(&args[1])?;
+                Ok(format!("({}.forEach({}), undefined)", list, func))
+            }
             _ => Err(JsGenError {
                 message: format!("Unknown List operation: {}", operation),
                 span: None,
@@ -2250,6 +2494,37 @@ impl JsBackend {
         }
     }
 
+    fn emit_ref_operation(
+        &mut self,
+        operation: &str,
+        args: &[Expr],
+    ) -> Result<String, JsGenError> {
+        match operation {
+            "new" => {
+                let val = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                Ok(format!("({{value: {}}})", val))
+            }
+            "get" => {
+                let r = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                Ok(format!("({}.value)", r))
+            }
+            "set" => {
+                let r = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                let val = self.emit_expr(&args[1])?;
+                Ok(format!("({}.value = {}, undefined)", r, val))
+            }
+            "update" => {
+                let r = self.emit_expr(&args[0])?;
+                let f = self.emit_expr(&args[1])?;
+                Ok(format!("({0}.value = {1}({0}.value), undefined)", r, f))
+            }
+            _ => Err(JsGenError {
+                message: format!("Unknown Ref operation: {}", operation),
+                span: None,
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Emit Html module operations for type-safe HTML construction
     fn emit_html_operation(
         &mut self,
@@ -2572,6 +2847,10 @@ impl JsBackend {
 
     /// Mangle a Lux name to a valid JavaScript name
     fn mangle_name(&self, name: &str) -> String {
+        // Extern functions use their JS name directly (no mangling)
+        if let Some(js_name) = self.extern_fns.get(name) {
+            return js_name.clone();
+        }
         format!("{}_lux", name)
     }
 
@@ -3920,7 +4199,7 @@ line3"
 
     #[test]
     fn test_js_runtime_generated() {
-        // Test that the Lux runtime is properly generated
+        // Test that the Lux runtime core is always generated
         use crate::parser::Parser;
 
         let source = r#"
@@ -3931,21 +4210,51 @@ line3"
         let mut backend = JsBackend::new();
         let js_code = backend.generate(&program).expect("Should generate");
 
-        // Check that Lux runtime includes key functions
+        // Core runtime is always present
         assert!(js_code.contains("const Lux = {"), "Lux object should be defined");
         assert!(js_code.contains("Some:"), "Option Some should be defined");
         assert!(js_code.contains("None:"), "Option None should be defined");
-        assert!(js_code.contains("renderHtml:"), "renderHtml should be defined");
+
-        assert!(js_code.contains("renderToDom:"), "renderToDom should be defined");
+        // Console-only program should NOT include Dom, Html, or TEA sections
-        assert!(js_code.contains("escapeHtml:"), "escapeHtml should be defined");
+        assert!(!js_code.contains("Dom:"), "Dom handler should not be in Console-only program");
-        assert!(js_code.contains("app:"), "TEA app should be defined");
+        assert!(!js_code.contains("renderHtml:"), "renderHtml should not be in Console-only program");
-        assert!(js_code.contains("simpleApp:"), "simpleApp should be defined");
+        assert!(!js_code.contains("app:"), "TEA app should not be in Console-only program");
-        assert!(js_code.contains("hasChanged:"), "hasChanged should be defined");
+        assert!(!js_code.contains("Http:"), "Http should not be in Console-only program");
+
+        // Console should be present
+        assert!(js_code.contains("Console:"), "Console handler should exist");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_js_runtime_tree_shaking_all_effects() {
+        // Test that all effects are included when all are used
+        use crate::parser::Parser;
+
+        let source = r#"
+            fn main(): Unit with {Console, Dom} = {
+                Console.print("Hello")
+                let _ = Dom.getElementById("app")
+                ()
+            }
+        "#;
+
+        let program = Parser::parse_source(source).expect("Should parse");
+        let mut backend = JsBackend::new();
+        let js_code = backend.generate(&program).expect("Should generate");
+
+        assert!(js_code.contains("Console:"), "Console handler should exist");
+        assert!(js_code.contains("Dom:"), "Dom handler should exist");
+        assert!(js_code.contains("renderHtml:"), "renderHtml should be defined when Dom is used");
+        assert!(js_code.contains("renderToDom:"), "renderToDom should be defined when Dom is used");
+        assert!(js_code.contains("escapeHtml:"), "escapeHtml should be defined when Dom is used");
+        assert!(js_code.contains("app:"), "TEA app should be defined when Dom is used");
+        assert!(js_code.contains("simpleApp:"), "simpleApp should be defined when Dom is used");
+        assert!(js_code.contains("hasChanged:"), "hasChanged should be defined when Dom is used");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_js_runtime_default_handlers() {
-        // Test that default handlers are properly generated
+        // Test that only used effect handlers are generated
         use crate::parser::Parser;
 
         let source = r#"
@@ -3956,12 +4265,12 @@ line3"
         let mut backend = JsBackend::new();
         let js_code = backend.generate(&program).expect("Should generate");
 
-        // Check that default handlers include all effects
+        // Only Console should be present
         assert!(js_code.contains("Console:"), "Console handler should exist");
-        assert!(js_code.contains("Random:"), "Random handler should exist");
+        assert!(!js_code.contains("Random:"), "Random handler should not exist in Console-only program");
-        assert!(js_code.contains("Time:"), "Time handler should exist");
+        assert!(!js_code.contains("Time:"), "Time handler should not exist in Console-only program");
-        assert!(js_code.contains("Http:"), "Http handler should exist");
+        assert!(!js_code.contains("Http:"), "Http handler should not exist in Console-only program");
-        assert!(js_code.contains("Dom:"), "Dom handler should exist");
+        assert!(!js_code.contains("Dom:"), "Dom handler should not exist in Console-only program");
     }
 
     #[test]

src/exhaustiveness.rs

@@ -333,11 +333,13 @@ mod tests {
     fn test_option_exhaustive() {
         let patterns = vec![
             Pattern::Constructor {
+                module: None,
                 name: make_ident("None"),
                 fields: vec![],
                 span: span(),
             },
             Pattern::Constructor {
+                module: None,
                 name: make_ident("Some"),
                 fields: vec![Pattern::Wildcard(span())],
                 span: span(),
@@ -352,6 +354,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_option_missing_none() {
         let patterns = vec![Pattern::Constructor {
+            module: None,
             name: make_ident("Some"),
             fields: vec![Pattern::Wildcard(span())],
             span: span(),
@@ -391,11 +394,13 @@ mod tests {
     fn test_result_exhaustive() {
         let patterns = vec![
             Pattern::Constructor {
+                module: None,
                 name: make_ident("Ok"),
                 fields: vec![Pattern::Wildcard(span())],
                 span: span(),
             },
             Pattern::Constructor {
+                module: None,
                 name: make_ident("Err"),
                 fields: vec![Pattern::Wildcard(span())],
                 span: span(),

src/formatter.rs

@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 //! Formats Lux source code according to standard style guidelines.
 
 use crate::ast::{
-    BehavioralProperty, BinaryOp, Declaration, EffectDecl, Expr, FunctionDecl, HandlerDecl,
+    BehavioralProperty, BinaryOp, Declaration, EffectDecl, ExternFnDecl, ExternLetDecl, Expr, FunctionDecl,
-    ImplDecl, ImplMethod, LetDecl, Literal, LiteralKind, Pattern, Program, Statement, TraitDecl,
+    HandlerDecl, ImplDecl, ImplMethod, LetDecl, Literal, LiteralKind, Pattern, Program, Statement,
-    TypeDecl, TypeDef, TypeExpr, UnaryOp, VariantFields,
+    TraitDecl, TypeDecl, TypeDef, TypeExpr, UnaryOp, VariantFields, Visibility,
 };
 use crate::lexer::Lexer;
 use crate::parser::Parser;
@@ -103,9 +103,77 @@ impl Formatter {
             Declaration::Handler(h) => self.format_handler(h),
             Declaration::Trait(t) => self.format_trait(t),
             Declaration::Impl(i) => self.format_impl(i),
+            Declaration::ExternFn(e) => self.format_extern_fn(e),
+            Declaration::ExternLet(e) => self.format_extern_let(e),
         }
     }
 
+    fn format_extern_fn(&mut self, ext: &ExternFnDecl) {
+        let indent = self.indent();
+        self.write(&indent);
+
+        if ext.visibility == Visibility::Public {
+            self.write("pub ");
+        }
+
+        self.write("extern fn ");
+        self.write(&ext.name.name);
+
+        // Type parameters
+        if !ext.type_params.is_empty() {
+            self.write("<");
+            self.write(
+                &ext.type_params
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|p| p.name.clone())
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .join(", "),
+            );
+            self.write(">");
+        }
+
+        // Parameters
+        self.write("(");
+        let params: Vec<String> = ext
+            .params
+            .iter()
+            .map(|p| format!("{}: {}", p.name.name, self.format_type_expr(&p.typ)))
+            .collect();
+        self.write(&params.join(", "));
+        self.write("): ");
+
+        // Return type
+        self.write(&self.format_type_expr(&ext.return_type));
+
+        // Optional JS name
+        if let Some(js_name) = &ext.js_name {
+            self.write(&format!(" = \"{}\"", js_name));
+        }
+
+        self.newline();
+    }
+
+    fn format_extern_let(&mut self, ext: &ExternLetDecl) {
+        let indent = self.indent();
+        self.write(&indent);
+
+        if ext.visibility == Visibility::Public {
+            self.write("pub ");
+        }
+
+        self.write("extern let ");
+        self.write(&ext.name.name);
+        self.write(": ");
+        self.write(&self.format_type_expr(&ext.typ));
+
+        // Optional JS name
+        if let Some(js_name) = &ext.js_name {
+            self.write(&format!(" = \"{}\"", js_name));
+        }
+
+        self.newline();
+    }
+
     fn format_function(&mut self, func: &FunctionDecl) {
         let indent = self.indent();
         self.write(&indent);
@@ -733,7 +801,30 @@ impl Formatter {
         match &lit.kind {
             LiteralKind::Int(n) => n.to_string(),
             LiteralKind::Float(f) => format!("{}", f),
-            LiteralKind::String(s) => format!("\"{}\"", s.replace('\\', "\\\\").replace('"', "\\\"").replace('{', "\\{").replace('}', "\\}")),
+            LiteralKind::String(s) => {
+                if s.contains('\n') {
+                    // Use triple-quoted multiline string
+                    let tab = " ".repeat(self.config.indent_size);
+                    let base_indent = tab.repeat(self.indent_level);
+                    let content_indent = tab.repeat(self.indent_level + 1);
+                    let lines: Vec<&str> = s.split('\n').collect();
+                    let mut result = String::from("\"\"\"\n");
+                    for line in &lines {
+                        if line.is_empty() {
+                            result.push('\n');
+                        } else {
+                            result.push_str(&content_indent);
+                            result.push_str(&line.replace('{', "\\{").replace('}', "\\}"));
+                            result.push('\n');
+                        }
+                    }
+                    result.push_str(&base_indent);
+                    result.push_str("\"\"\"");
+                    result
+                } else {
+                    format!("\"{}\"", s.replace('\\', "\\\\").replace('"', "\\\"").replace('{', "\\{").replace('}', "\\}"))
+                }
+            },
             LiteralKind::Char(c) => format!("'{}'", c),
             LiteralKind::Bool(b) => b.to_string(),
             LiteralKind::Unit => "()".to_string(),
@@ -772,12 +863,22 @@ impl Formatter {
             Pattern::Wildcard(_) => "_".to_string(),
             Pattern::Var(ident) => ident.name.clone(),
             Pattern::Literal(lit) => self.format_literal(lit),
-            Pattern::Constructor { name, fields, .. } => {
+            Pattern::Constructor {
+                module,
+                name,
+                fields,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                let prefix = match module {
+                    Some(m) => format!("{}.", m.name),
+                    None => String::new(),
+                };
                 if fields.is_empty() {
-                    name.name.clone()
+                    format!("{}{}", prefix, name.name)
                 } else {
                     format!(
-                        "{}({})",
+                        "{}{}({})",
+                        prefix,
                         name.name,
                         fields
                             .iter()

src/interpreter.rs

@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ pub enum BuiltinFn {
     ListGet,
     ListRange,
     ListForEach,
+    ListSort,
+    ListSortBy,
 
     // String operations
     StringSplit,
@@ -81,10 +83,14 @@ pub enum BuiltinFn {
     // Additional List operations
     ListIsEmpty,
     ListFind,
+    ListFindIndex,
     ListAny,
     ListAll,
     ListTake,
     ListDrop,
+    ListZip,
+    ListFlatten,
+    ListContains,
 
     // Additional String operations
     StringStartsWith,
@@ -138,6 +144,12 @@ pub enum BuiltinFn {
     MapFromList,
     MapToList,
     MapMerge,
+
+    // Ref operations
+    RefNew,
+    RefGet,
+    RefSet,
+    RefUpdate,
 }
 
 /// Runtime value
@@ -170,6 +182,13 @@ pub enum Value {
     },
     /// JSON value (for JSON parsing/manipulation)
     Json(serde_json::Value),
+    /// Extern function (FFI — only callable from JS backend)
+    ExternFn {
+        name: String,
+        arity: usize,
+    },
+    /// Mutable reference cell
+    Ref(Rc<RefCell<Value>>),
 }
 
 impl Value {
@@ -191,6 +210,8 @@ impl Value {
             Value::Constructor { .. } => "Constructor",
             Value::Versioned { .. } => "Versioned",
             Value::Json(_) => "Json",
+            Value::ExternFn { .. } => "ExternFn",
+            Value::Ref(_) => "Ref",
         }
     }
 
@@ -246,6 +267,7 @@ impl Value {
                 t1 == t2 && v1 == v2 && Value::values_equal(val1, val2)
             }
             (Value::Json(j1), Value::Json(j2)) => j1 == j2,
+            (Value::Ref(r1), Value::Ref(r2)) => Rc::ptr_eq(r1, r2),
             // Functions and handlers cannot be compared for equality
             _ => false,
         }
@@ -401,6 +423,8 @@ impl fmt::Display for Value {
                 write!(f, "{} @v{}", value, version)
             }
             Value::Json(json) => write!(f, "{}", json),
+            Value::ExternFn { name, .. } => write!(f, "<extern fn {}>", name),
+            Value::Ref(cell) => write!(f, "<ref: {}>", cell.borrow()),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -972,14 +996,23 @@ impl Interpreter {
                 Value::Builtin(BuiltinFn::ListIsEmpty),
             ),
             ("find".to_string(), Value::Builtin(BuiltinFn::ListFind)),
+            ("findIndex".to_string(), Value::Builtin(BuiltinFn::ListFindIndex)),
             ("any".to_string(), Value::Builtin(BuiltinFn::ListAny)),
             ("all".to_string(), Value::Builtin(BuiltinFn::ListAll)),
             ("take".to_string(), Value::Builtin(BuiltinFn::ListTake)),
             ("drop".to_string(), Value::Builtin(BuiltinFn::ListDrop)),
+            ("zip".to_string(), Value::Builtin(BuiltinFn::ListZip)),
+            ("flatten".to_string(), Value::Builtin(BuiltinFn::ListFlatten)),
+            ("contains".to_string(), Value::Builtin(BuiltinFn::ListContains)),
             (
                 "forEach".to_string(),
                 Value::Builtin(BuiltinFn::ListForEach),
             ),
+            ("sort".to_string(), Value::Builtin(BuiltinFn::ListSort)),
+            (
+                "sortBy".to_string(),
+                Value::Builtin(BuiltinFn::ListSortBy),
+            ),
         ]));
         env.define("List", list_module);
 
@@ -1180,6 +1213,15 @@ impl Interpreter {
             ("merge".to_string(), Value::Builtin(BuiltinFn::MapMerge)),
         ]));
         env.define("Map", map_module);
+
+        // Ref module
+        let ref_module = Value::Record(HashMap::from([
+            ("new".to_string(), Value::Builtin(BuiltinFn::RefNew)),
+            ("get".to_string(), Value::Builtin(BuiltinFn::RefGet)),
+            ("set".to_string(), Value::Builtin(BuiltinFn::RefSet)),
+            ("update".to_string(), Value::Builtin(BuiltinFn::RefUpdate)),
+        ]));
+        env.define("Ref", ref_module);
     }
 
     /// Execute a program
@@ -1390,6 +1432,33 @@ impl Interpreter {
                 Ok(Value::Unit)
             }
 
+            Declaration::ExternFn(ext) => {
+                // Register a placeholder that errors at runtime
+                let name = ext.name.name.clone();
+                let arity = ext.params.len();
+                // Create a closure that produces a clear error
+                let closure = Closure {
+                    params: ext.params.iter().map(|p| p.name.name.clone()).collect(),
+                    body: Expr::Literal(crate::ast::Literal {
+                        kind: crate::ast::LiteralKind::Unit,
+                        span: ext.span,
+                    }),
+                    env: self.global_env.clone(),
+                };
+                // We store an ExternFn marker value
+                self.global_env
+                    .define(&name, Value::ExternFn { name: name.clone(), arity });
+                Ok(Value::Unit)
+            }
+
+            Declaration::ExternLet(ext) => {
+                // Register a placeholder that errors at runtime (extern lets only work in JS)
+                let name = ext.name.name.clone();
+                self.global_env
+                    .define(&name, Value::ExternFn { name: name.clone(), arity: 0 });
+                Ok(Value::Unit)
+            }
+
             Declaration::Effect(_) | Declaration::Trait(_) | Declaration::Impl(_) => {
                 // These are compile-time only
                 Ok(Value::Unit)
@@ -1909,6 +1978,13 @@ impl Interpreter {
                 }))
             }
             Value::Builtin(builtin) => self.eval_builtin(builtin, args, span),
+            Value::ExternFn { name, .. } => Err(RuntimeError {
+                message: format!(
+                    "Extern function '{}' can only be called when compiled to JavaScript (use `lux build --target js`)",
+                    name
+                ),
+                span: Some(span),
+            }),
             v => Err(RuntimeError {
                 message: format!("Cannot call {}", v.type_name()),
                 span: Some(span),
@@ -2716,6 +2792,55 @@ impl Interpreter {
                 Ok(EvalResult::Value(Value::Bool(true)))
             }
 
+            BuiltinFn::ListFindIndex => {
+                let (list, func) = Self::expect_args_2::<Vec<Value>, Value>(&args, "List.findIndex", span)?;
+                for (i, item) in list.iter().enumerate() {
+                    let v = self.eval_call_to_value(func.clone(), vec![item.clone()], span)?;
+                    match v {
+                        Value::Bool(true) => {
+                            return Ok(EvalResult::Value(Value::Constructor {
+                                name: "Some".to_string(),
+                                fields: vec![Value::Int(i as i64)],
+                            }));
+                        }
+                        Value::Bool(false) => {}
+                        _ => return Err(err("List.findIndex predicate must return Bool")),
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(EvalResult::Value(Value::Constructor {
+                    name: "None".to_string(),
+                    fields: vec![],
+                }))
+            }
+
+            BuiltinFn::ListZip => {
+                let (list1, list2) = Self::expect_args_2::<Vec<Value>, Vec<Value>>(&args, "List.zip", span)?;
+                let result: Vec<Value> = list1
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .zip(list2.into_iter())
+                    .map(|(a, b)| Value::Tuple(vec![a, b]))
+                    .collect();
+                Ok(EvalResult::Value(Value::List(result)))
+            }
+
+            BuiltinFn::ListFlatten => {
+                let list = Self::expect_arg_1::<Vec<Value>>(&args, "List.flatten", span)?;
+                let mut result = Vec::new();
+                for item in list {
+                    match item {
+                        Value::List(inner) => result.extend(inner),
+                        other => result.push(other),
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(EvalResult::Value(Value::List(result)))
+            }
+
+            BuiltinFn::ListContains => {
+                let (list, target) = Self::expect_args_2::<Vec<Value>, Value>(&args, "List.contains", span)?;
+                let found = list.iter().any(|item| Value::values_equal(item, &target));
+                Ok(EvalResult::Value(Value::Bool(found)))
+            }
+
             BuiltinFn::ListTake => {
                 let (list, n) = Self::expect_args_2::<Vec<Value>, i64>(&args, "List.take", span)?;
                 let n = n.max(0) as usize;
@@ -2742,6 +2867,67 @@ impl Interpreter {
                 Ok(EvalResult::Value(Value::Unit))
             }
 
+            BuiltinFn::ListSort => {
+                // List.sort(list) - sort using natural ordering (Int, Float, String, Bool)
+                let mut list =
+                    Self::expect_arg_1::<Vec<Value>>(&args, "List.sort", span)?;
+                list.sort_by(|a, b| Self::compare_values(a, b));
+                Ok(EvalResult::Value(Value::List(list)))
+            }
+
+            BuiltinFn::ListSortBy => {
+                // List.sortBy(list, fn(a, b) => Int) - sort with custom comparator
+                // Comparator returns negative (a < b), 0 (a == b), or positive (a > b)
+                let (list, func) =
+                    Self::expect_args_2::<Vec<Value>, Value>(&args, "List.sortBy", span)?;
+                let mut indexed: Vec<(usize, Value)> =
+                    list.into_iter().enumerate().collect();
+                let mut err: Option<RuntimeError> = None;
+                let func_ref = &func;
+                let self_ptr = self as *mut Self;
+                indexed.sort_by(|a, b| {
+                    if err.is_some() {
+                        return std::cmp::Ordering::Equal;
+                    }
+                    // Safety: we're in a single-threaded context and the closure
+                    // needs mutable access to call eval_call_to_value
+                    let interp = unsafe { &mut *self_ptr };
+                    match interp.eval_call_to_value(
+                        func_ref.clone(),
+                        vec![a.1.clone(), b.1.clone()],
+                        span,
+                    ) {
+                        Ok(Value::Int(n)) => {
+                            if n < 0 {
+                                std::cmp::Ordering::Less
+                            } else if n > 0 {
+                                std::cmp::Ordering::Greater
+                            } else {
+                                std::cmp::Ordering::Equal
+                            }
+                        }
+                        Ok(_) => {
+                            err = Some(RuntimeError {
+                                message: "List.sortBy comparator must return Int"
+                                    .to_string(),
+                                span: Some(span),
+                            });
+                            std::cmp::Ordering::Equal
+                        }
+                        Err(e) => {
+                            err = Some(e);
+                            std::cmp::Ordering::Equal
+                        }
+                    }
+                });
+                if let Some(e) = err {
+                    return Err(e);
+                }
+                let result: Vec<Value> =
+                    indexed.into_iter().map(|(_, v)| v).collect();
+                Ok(EvalResult::Value(Value::List(result)))
+            }
+
             // Additional String operations
             BuiltinFn::StringStartsWith => {
                 let (s, prefix) = Self::expect_args_2::<String, String>(&args, "String.startsWith", span)?;
@@ -3274,6 +3460,56 @@ impl Interpreter {
                 }
                 Ok(EvalResult::Value(Value::Map(map1)))
             }
+
+            BuiltinFn::RefNew => {
+                if args.len() != 1 {
+                    return Err(err("Ref.new requires 1 argument"));
+                }
+                Ok(EvalResult::Value(Value::Ref(Rc::new(RefCell::new(args.into_iter().next().unwrap())))))
+            }
+
+            BuiltinFn::RefGet => {
+                if args.len() != 1 {
+                    return Err(err("Ref.get requires 1 argument"));
+                }
+                match &args[0] {
+                    Value::Ref(cell) => Ok(EvalResult::Value(cell.borrow().clone())),
+                    v => Err(err(&format!("Ref.get expects Ref, got {}", v.type_name()))),
+                }
+            }
+
+            BuiltinFn::RefSet => {
+                if args.len() != 2 {
+                    return Err(err("Ref.set requires 2 arguments: ref, value"));
+                }
+                match &args[0] {
+                    Value::Ref(cell) => {
+                        *cell.borrow_mut() = args[1].clone();
+                        Ok(EvalResult::Value(Value::Unit))
+                    }
+                    v => Err(err(&format!("Ref.set expects Ref as first argument, got {}", v.type_name()))),
+                }
+            }
+
+            BuiltinFn::RefUpdate => {
+                if args.len() != 2 {
+                    return Err(err("Ref.update requires 2 arguments: ref, fn"));
+                }
+                match &args[0] {
+                    Value::Ref(cell) => {
+                        let old = cell.borrow().clone();
+                        let result = self.eval_call(args[1].clone(), vec![old], span)?;
+                        match result {
+                            EvalResult::Value(new_val) => {
+                                *cell.borrow_mut() = new_val;
+                            }
+                            _ => return Err(err("Ref.update callback must return a value")),
+                        }
+                        Ok(EvalResult::Value(Value::Unit))
+                    }
+                    v => Err(err(&format!("Ref.update expects Ref as first argument, got {}", v.type_name()))),
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -3357,6 +3593,18 @@ impl Interpreter {
         })
     }
 
+    /// Compare two values for natural ordering (used by List.sort)
+    fn compare_values(a: &Value, b: &Value) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
+        match (a, b) {
+            (Value::Int(x), Value::Int(y)) => x.cmp(y),
+            (Value::Float(x), Value::Float(y)) => x.partial_cmp(y).unwrap_or(std::cmp::Ordering::Equal),
+            (Value::String(x), Value::String(y)) => x.cmp(y),
+            (Value::Bool(x), Value::Bool(y)) => x.cmp(y),
+            (Value::Char(x), Value::Char(y)) => x.cmp(y),
+            _ => std::cmp::Ordering::Equal,
+        }
+    }
+
     fn match_pattern(&self, pattern: &Pattern, value: &Value) -> Option<Vec<(String, Value)>> {
         match pattern {
             Pattern::Wildcard(_) => Some(Vec::new()),
@@ -3864,6 +4112,119 @@ impl Interpreter {
                 }
             }
 
+            ("File", "copy") => {
+                let source = match request.args.first() {
+                    Some(Value::String(s)) => s.clone(),
+                    _ => return Err(RuntimeError {
+                        message: "File.copy requires a string source path".to_string(),
+                        span: None,
+                    }),
+                };
+                let dest = match request.args.get(1) {
+                    Some(Value::String(s)) => s.clone(),
+                    _ => return Err(RuntimeError {
+                        message: "File.copy requires a string destination path".to_string(),
+                        span: None,
+                    }),
+                };
+                match std::fs::copy(&source, &dest) {
+                    Ok(_) => Ok(Value::Unit),
+                    Err(e) => Err(RuntimeError {
+                        message: format!("Failed to copy '{}' to '{}': {}", source, dest, e),
+                        span: None,
+                    }),
+                }
+            }
+
+            ("File", "glob") => {
+                let pattern = match request.args.first() {
+                    Some(Value::String(s)) => s.clone(),
+                    _ => return Err(RuntimeError {
+                        message: "File.glob requires a string pattern".to_string(),
+                        span: None,
+                    }),
+                };
+                match glob::glob(&pattern) {
+                    Ok(paths) => {
+                        let entries: Vec<Value> = paths
+                            .filter_map(|entry| entry.ok())
+                            .map(|path| Value::String(path.to_string_lossy().to_string()))
+                            .collect();
+                        Ok(Value::List(entries))
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => Err(RuntimeError {
+                        message: format!("Invalid glob pattern '{}': {}", pattern, e),
+                        span: None,
+                    }),
+                }
+            }
+
+            // ===== File Effect (safe Result-returning variants) =====
+            ("File", "tryRead") => {
+                let path = match request.args.first() {
+                    Some(Value::String(s)) => s.clone(),
+                    _ => return Err(RuntimeError {
+                        message: "File.tryRead requires a string path".to_string(),
+                        span: None,
+                    }),
+                };
+                match std::fs::read_to_string(&path) {
+                    Ok(content) => Ok(Value::Constructor {
+                        name: "Ok".to_string(),
+                        fields: vec![Value::String(content)],
+                    }),
+                    Err(e) => Ok(Value::Constructor {
+                        name: "Err".to_string(),
+                        fields: vec![Value::String(format!("Failed to read file '{}': {}", path, e))],
+                    }),
+                }
+            }
+            ("File", "tryWrite") => {
+                let path = match request.args.first() {
+                    Some(Value::String(s)) => s.clone(),
+                    _ => return Err(RuntimeError {
+                        message: "File.tryWrite requires a string path".to_string(),
+                        span: None,
+                    }),
+                };
+                let content = match request.args.get(1) {
+                    Some(Value::String(s)) => s.clone(),
+                    _ => return Err(RuntimeError {
+                        message: "File.tryWrite requires string content".to_string(),
+                        span: None,
+                    }),
+                };
+                match std::fs::write(&path, &content) {
+                    Ok(()) => Ok(Value::Constructor {
+                        name: "Ok".to_string(),
+                        fields: vec![Value::Unit],
+                    }),
+                    Err(e) => Ok(Value::Constructor {
+                        name: "Err".to_string(),
+                        fields: vec![Value::String(format!("Failed to write file '{}': {}", path, e))],
+                    }),
+                }
+            }
+            ("File", "tryDelete") => {
+                let path = match request.args.first() {
+                    Some(Value::String(s)) => s.clone(),
+                    _ => return Err(RuntimeError {
+                        message: "File.tryDelete requires a string path".to_string(),
+                        span: None,
+                    }),
+                };
+                match std::fs::remove_file(&path) {
+                    Ok(()) => Ok(Value::Constructor {
+                        name: "Ok".to_string(),
+                        fields: vec![Value::Unit],
+                    }),
+                    Err(e) => Ok(Value::Constructor {
+                        name: "Err".to_string(),
+                        fields: vec![Value::String(format!("Failed to delete file '{}': {}", path, e))],
+                    }),
+                }
+            }
+
             // ===== Process Effect =====
             ("Process", "exec") => {
                 use std::process::Command;

src/lexer.rs

@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ pub enum TokenKind {
     Effect,
     Handler,
     Run,
+    Handle,
     Resume,
     Type,
     True,
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@ pub enum TokenKind {
     Trait,  // trait (for type classes)
     Impl,   // impl (for trait implementations)
     For,    // for (in impl Trait for Type)
+    Extern, // extern (for FFI declarations)
 
     // Documentation
     DocComment(String), // /// doc comment
@@ -140,6 +142,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for TokenKind {
             TokenKind::Effect => write!(f, "effect"),
             TokenKind::Handler => write!(f, "handler"),
             TokenKind::Run => write!(f, "run"),
+            TokenKind::Handle => write!(f, "handle"),
             TokenKind::Resume => write!(f, "resume"),
             TokenKind::Type => write!(f, "type"),
             TokenKind::Import => write!(f, "import"),
@@ -150,6 +153,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for TokenKind {
             TokenKind::Trait => write!(f, "trait"),
             TokenKind::Impl => write!(f, "impl"),
             TokenKind::For => write!(f, "for"),
+            TokenKind::Extern => write!(f, "extern"),
             TokenKind::DocComment(s) => write!(f, "/// {}", s),
             TokenKind::Is => write!(f, "is"),
             TokenKind::Pure => write!(f, "pure"),
@@ -409,7 +413,26 @@ impl<'a> Lexer<'a> {
             }
 
             // String literals
-            '"' => self.scan_string(start)?,
+            '"' => {
+                // Check for triple-quote multiline string """
+                if self.peek() == Some('"') {
+                    // Clone to peek at the second char
+                    let mut lookahead = self.chars.clone();
+                    lookahead.next(); // consume first peeked "
+                    if lookahead.peek() == Some(&'"') {
+                        // It's a triple-quote: consume both remaining quotes
+                        self.advance(); // second "
+                        self.advance(); // third "
+                        self.scan_multiline_string(start)?
+                    } else {
+                        // It's an empty string ""
+                        self.advance(); // consume closing "
+                        TokenKind::String(String::new())
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    self.scan_string(start)?
+                }
+            }
 
             // Char literals
             '\'' => self.scan_char(start)?,
@@ -667,6 +690,211 @@ impl<'a> Lexer<'a> {
         Ok(TokenKind::InterpolatedString(parts))
     }
 
+    fn scan_multiline_string(&mut self, _start: usize) -> Result<TokenKind, LexError> {
+        let mut parts: Vec<StringPart> = Vec::new();
+        let mut current_literal = String::new();
+
+        // Skip the first newline after opening """ if present
+        if self.peek() == Some('\n') {
+            self.advance();
+        } else if self.peek() == Some('\r') {
+            self.advance();
+            if self.peek() == Some('\n') {
+                self.advance();
+            }
+        }
+
+        loop {
+            match self.advance() {
+                Some('"') => {
+                    // Check for closing """
+                    if self.peek() == Some('"') {
+                        let mut lookahead = self.chars.clone();
+                        lookahead.next(); // consume first peeked "
+                        if lookahead.peek() == Some(&'"') {
+                            // Closing """ found
+                            self.advance(); // second "
+                            self.advance(); // third "
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    // Not closing triple-quote, just a regular " in the string
+                    current_literal.push('"');
+                }
+                Some('\\') => {
+                    // Handle escape sequences (same as regular strings)
+                    match self.peek() {
+                        Some('{') => {
+                            self.advance();
+                            current_literal.push('{');
+                        }
+                        Some('}') => {
+                            self.advance();
+                            current_literal.push('}');
+                        }
+                        _ => {
+                            let escape_start = self.pos;
+                            let escaped = match self.advance() {
+                                Some('n') => '\n',
+                                Some('r') => '\r',
+                                Some('t') => '\t',
+                                Some('\\') => '\\',
+                                Some('"') => '"',
+                                Some('0') => '\0',
+                                Some('\'') => '\'',
+                                Some(c) => {
+                                    return Err(LexError {
+                                        message: format!("Invalid escape sequence: \\{}", c),
+                                        span: Span::new(escape_start - 1, self.pos),
+                                    });
+                                }
+                                None => {
+                                    return Err(LexError {
+                                        message: "Unterminated multiline string".into(),
+                                        span: Span::new(_start, self.pos),
+                                    });
+                                }
+                            };
+                            current_literal.push(escaped);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Some('{') => {
+                    // Interpolation (same as regular strings)
+                    if !current_literal.is_empty() {
+                        parts.push(StringPart::Literal(std::mem::take(&mut current_literal)));
+                    }
+
+                    let mut expr_text = String::new();
+                    let mut brace_depth = 1;
+
+                    loop {
+                        match self.advance() {
+                            Some('{') => {
+                                brace_depth += 1;
+                                expr_text.push('{');
+                            }
+                            Some('}') => {
+                                brace_depth -= 1;
+                                if brace_depth == 0 {
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                                expr_text.push('}');
+                            }
+                            Some(c) => expr_text.push(c),
+                            None => {
+                                return Err(LexError {
+                                    message: "Unterminated interpolation in multiline string"
+                                        .into(),
+                                    span: Span::new(_start, self.pos),
+                                });
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    parts.push(StringPart::Expr(expr_text));
+                }
+                Some(c) => current_literal.push(c),
+                None => {
+                    return Err(LexError {
+                        message: "Unterminated multiline string".into(),
+                        span: Span::new(_start, self.pos),
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Strip common leading whitespace from all lines
+        let strip_indent = |s: &str| -> String {
+            if s.is_empty() {
+                return String::new();
+            }
+            let lines: Vec<&str> = s.split('\n').collect();
+            // Find minimum indentation of non-empty lines
+            let min_indent = lines
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|line| !line.trim().is_empty())
+                .map(|line| line.len() - line.trim_start().len())
+                .min()
+                .unwrap_or(0);
+            // Strip that indentation from each line
+            lines
+                .iter()
+                .map(|line| {
+                    if line.len() >= min_indent {
+                        &line[min_indent..]
+                    } else {
+                        line.trim_start()
+                    }
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join("\n")
+        };
+
+        // Strip trailing whitespace-only line before closing """
+        let trim_trailing = |s: &mut String| {
+            // Remove trailing spaces/tabs (indent before closing """)
+            while s.ends_with(' ') || s.ends_with('\t') {
+                s.pop();
+            }
+            // Remove the trailing newline
+            if s.ends_with('\n') {
+                s.pop();
+                if s.ends_with('\r') {
+                    s.pop();
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        if parts.is_empty() {
+            trim_trailing(&mut current_literal);
+            let result = strip_indent(&current_literal);
+            return Ok(TokenKind::String(result));
+        }
+
+        // Add remaining literal
+        if !current_literal.is_empty() {
+            trim_trailing(&mut current_literal);
+            parts.push(StringPart::Literal(current_literal));
+        }
+
+        // For interpolated multiline strings, strip indent from literal parts
+        // First, collect all literal content to find min indent
+        let mut all_text = String::new();
+        for part in &parts {
+            if let StringPart::Literal(lit) = part {
+                all_text.push_str(lit);
+            }
+        }
+        let lines: Vec<&str> = all_text.split('\n').collect();
+        let min_indent = lines
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|line| !line.trim().is_empty())
+            .map(|line| line.len() - line.trim_start().len())
+            .min()
+            .unwrap_or(0);
+
+        if min_indent > 0 {
+            for part in &mut parts {
+                if let StringPart::Literal(lit) = part {
+                    let stripped_lines: Vec<&str> = lit
+                        .split('\n')
+                        .map(|line| {
+                            if line.len() >= min_indent {
+                                &line[min_indent..]
+                            } else {
+                                line.trim_start()
+                            }
+                        })
+                        .collect();
+                    *lit = stripped_lines.join("\n");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(TokenKind::InterpolatedString(parts))
+    }
+
     fn scan_char(&mut self, start: usize) -> Result<TokenKind, LexError> {
         let c = match self.advance() {
             Some('\\') => match self.advance() {
@@ -771,6 +999,7 @@ impl<'a> Lexer<'a> {
             "effect" => TokenKind::Effect,
             "handler" => TokenKind::Handler,
             "run" => TokenKind::Run,
+            "handle" => TokenKind::Handle,
             "resume" => TokenKind::Resume,
             "type" => TokenKind::Type,
             "import" => TokenKind::Import,
@@ -781,6 +1010,7 @@ impl<'a> Lexer<'a> {
             "trait" => TokenKind::Trait,
             "impl" => TokenKind::Impl,
             "for" => TokenKind::For,
+            "extern" => TokenKind::Extern,
             "is" => TokenKind::Is,
             "pure" => TokenKind::Pure,
             "total" => TokenKind::Total,
@@ -789,6 +1019,8 @@ impl<'a> Lexer<'a> {
             "commutative" => TokenKind::Commutative,
             "where" => TokenKind::Where,
             "assume" => TokenKind::Assume,
+            "and" => TokenKind::And,
+            "or" => TokenKind::Or,
             "true" => TokenKind::Bool(true),
             "false" => TokenKind::Bool(false),
             _ => TokenKind::Ident(ident.to_string()),

src/linter.rs

@@ -403,6 +403,12 @@ impl Linter {
                 Declaration::Function(f) => {
                     self.defined_functions.insert(f.name.name.clone());
                 }
+                Declaration::ExternFn(e) => {
+                    self.defined_functions.insert(e.name.name.clone());
+                }
+                Declaration::ExternLet(e) => {
+                    self.define_var(&e.name.name);
+                }
                 Declaration::Let(l) => {
                     self.define_var(&l.name.name);
                 }

src/main.rs

@@ -193,10 +193,12 @@ fn main() {
                     eprintln!("       lux compile <file.lux> --run");
                     eprintln!("       lux compile <file.lux> --emit-c [-o file.c]");
                     eprintln!("       lux compile <file.lux> --target js [-o file.js]");
+                    eprintln!("       lux compile <file.lux> --watch");
                     std::process::exit(1);
                 }
                 let run_after = args.iter().any(|a| a == "--run");
                 let emit_c = args.iter().any(|a| a == "--emit-c");
+                let watch = args.iter().any(|a| a == "--watch");
                 let target_js = args.iter()
                     .position(|a| a == "--target")
                     .and_then(|i| args.get(i + 1))
@@ -212,6 +214,16 @@ fn main() {
                 } else {
                     compile_to_c(&args[2], output_path, run_after, emit_c);
                 }
+
+                if watch {
+                    // Build the args to replay for each recompilation (without --watch)
+                    let compile_args: Vec<String> = args.iter()
+                        .skip(1)
+                        .filter(|a| a.as_str() != "--watch")
+                        .cloned()
+                        .collect();
+                    watch_and_rerun(&args[2], &compile_args);
+                }
             }
             "repl" => {
                 // Start REPL
@@ -1351,6 +1363,64 @@ fn watch_file(path: &str) {
     }
 }
 
+fn watch_and_rerun(path: &str, compile_args: &[String]) {
+    use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime};
+    use std::path::Path;
+
+    let file_path = Path::new(path);
+    if !file_path.exists() {
+        eprintln!("File not found: {}", path);
+        std::process::exit(1);
+    }
+
+    println!();
+    println!("Watching {} for changes (Ctrl+C to stop)...", path);
+
+    let mut last_modified = std::fs::metadata(file_path)
+        .and_then(|m| m.modified())
+        .unwrap_or(SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH);
+
+    loop {
+        std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(500));
+
+        let modified = match std::fs::metadata(file_path).and_then(|m| m.modified()) {
+            Ok(m) => m,
+            Err(_) => continue,
+        };
+
+        if modified > last_modified {
+            last_modified = modified;
+
+            // Clear screen
+            print!("\x1B[2J\x1B[H");
+
+            println!("=== Compiling {} ===", path);
+            println!();
+
+            let result = std::process::Command::new(std::env::current_exe().unwrap())
+                .args(compile_args)
+                .status();
+
+            match result {
+                Ok(status) if status.success() => {
+                    println!();
+                    println!("=== Success ===");
+                }
+                Ok(_) => {
+                    println!();
+                    println!("=== Failed ===");
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    eprintln!("Error running compiler: {}", e);
+                }
+            }
+
+            println!();
+            println!("Watching for changes...");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 fn serve_static_files(dir: &str, port: u16) {
     use std::io::{Write, BufRead, BufReader};
     use std::net::TcpListener;
@@ -2218,6 +2288,48 @@ fn extract_module_doc(source: &str, path: &str) -> Result<ModuleDoc, String> {
                     is_public: matches!(t.visibility, ast::Visibility::Public),
                 });
             }
+            ast::Declaration::ExternFn(ext) => {
+                let params: Vec<String> = ext.params.iter()
+                    .map(|p| format!("{}: {}", p.name.name, format_type(&p.typ)))
+                    .collect();
+                let js_note = ext.js_name.as_ref()
+                    .map(|n| format!(" = \"{}\"", n))
+                    .unwrap_or_default();
+                let signature = format!(
+                    "extern fn {}({}): {}{}",
+                    ext.name.name,
+                    params.join(", "),
+                    format_type(&ext.return_type),
+                    js_note
+                );
+                let doc = extract_doc_comment(source, ext.span.start);
+                functions.push(FunctionDoc {
+                    name: ext.name.name.clone(),
+                    signature,
+                    description: doc,
+                    is_public: matches!(ext.visibility, ast::Visibility::Public),
+                    properties: vec![],
+                });
+            }
+            ast::Declaration::ExternLet(ext) => {
+                let js_note = ext.js_name.as_ref()
+                    .map(|n| format!(" = \"{}\"", n))
+                    .unwrap_or_default();
+                let signature = format!(
+                    "extern let {}: {}{}",
+                    ext.name.name,
+                    format_type(&ext.typ),
+                    js_note
+                );
+                let doc = extract_doc_comment(source, ext.span.start);
+                functions.push(FunctionDoc {
+                    name: ext.name.name.clone(),
+                    signature,
+                    description: doc,
+                    is_public: matches!(ext.visibility, ast::Visibility::Public),
+                    properties: vec![],
+                });
+            }
             ast::Declaration::Effect(e) => {
                 let doc = extract_doc_comment(source, e.span.start);
                 let ops: Vec<String> = e.operations.iter()
@@ -3855,6 +3967,49 @@ c")"#;
         assert_eq!(eval(source).unwrap(), r#""literal {braces}""#);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_multiline_string() {
+        let source = r#"
+            let s = """
+                hello
+                world
+            """
+            let result = String.length(s)
+        "#;
+        // "hello\nworld" = 11 chars
+        assert_eq!(eval(source).unwrap(), "11");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_multiline_string_with_quotes() {
+        // Quotes are fine in the middle of triple-quoted strings
+        let source = "let s = \"\"\"\n    She said \"hello\" to him.\n\"\"\"";
+        assert_eq!(eval(source).unwrap(), r#""She said "hello" to him.""#);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_multiline_string_interpolation() {
+        let source = r#"
+            let name = "Lux"
+            let s = """
+                Hello, {name}!
+            """
+        "#;
+        assert_eq!(eval(source).unwrap(), r#""Hello, Lux!""#);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_multiline_string_empty() {
+        let source = r#"let s = """""""#;
+        assert_eq!(eval(source).unwrap(), r#""""#);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_multiline_string_inline() {
+        let source = r#"let s = """hello world""""#;
+        assert_eq!(eval(source).unwrap(), r#""hello world""#);
+    }
+
     // Option tests
     #[test]
     fn test_option_constructors() {
@@ -3968,6 +4123,146 @@ c")"#;
         assert_eq!(eval("let x = { a: 1, b: 2 } == { a: 1, b: 3 }").unwrap(), "false");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_record_spread() {
+        let source = r#"
+            let base = { x: 1, y: 2, z: 3 }
+            let updated = { ...base, y: 20 }
+            let result = updated.y
+        "#;
+        assert_eq!(eval(source).unwrap(), "20");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_path_record_update() {
+        // Basic deep path: { ...base, pos.x: val } desugars to { ...base, pos: { ...base.pos, x: val } }
+        let source = r#"
+            let npc = { name: "Goblin", pos: { x: 10, y: 20 } }
+            let moved = { ...npc, pos.x: 50, pos.y: 60 }
+            let result = moved.pos.x
+        "#;
+        assert_eq!(eval(source).unwrap(), "50");
+
+        // Verify other fields are preserved through spread
+        let source2 = r#"
+            let npc = { name: "Goblin", pos: { x: 10, y: 20 } }
+            let moved = { ...npc, pos.x: 50 }
+            let result = moved.pos.y
+        "#;
+        assert_eq!(eval(source2).unwrap(), "20");
+
+        // Verify top-level spread fields preserved
+        let source3 = r#"
+            let npc = { name: "Goblin", pos: { x: 10, y: 20 } }
+            let moved = { ...npc, pos.x: 50 }
+            let result = moved.name
+        "#;
+        assert_eq!(eval(source3).unwrap(), "\"Goblin\"");
+
+        // Mix of flat and deep path fields
+        let source4 = r#"
+            let npc = { name: "Goblin", pos: { x: 10, y: 20 }, hp: 100 }
+            let updated = { ...npc, pos.x: 50, hp: 80 }
+            let result = (updated.pos.x, updated.hp, updated.name)
+        "#;
+        assert_eq!(eval(source4).unwrap(), "(50, 80, \"Goblin\")");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_path_record_multilevel() {
+        // Multi-level deep path: world.physics.gravity
+        let source = r#"
+            let world = { name: "Earth", physics: { gravity: { x: 0, y: -10 }, drag: 1 } }
+            let updated = { ...world, physics.gravity.y: -20 }
+            let result = (updated.physics.gravity.y, updated.physics.drag, updated.name)
+        "#;
+        assert_eq!(eval(source).unwrap(), "(-20, 1, \"Earth\")");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_path_conflict_error() {
+        // Field appears as both flat and deep path — should error
+        let result = eval(r#"
+            let base = { pos: { x: 1, y: 2 } }
+            let bad = { ...base, pos: { x: 10, y: 20 }, pos.x: 30 }
+        "#);
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extern_fn_parse() {
+        // Extern fn should parse successfully
+        let source = r#"
+            extern fn getElementById(id: String): String
+            let x = 42
+        "#;
+        assert_eq!(eval(source).unwrap(), "42");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extern_fn_with_js_name() {
+        // Extern fn with JS name override
+        let source = r#"
+            extern fn getCtx(el: String, kind: String): String = "getContext"
+            let x = 42
+        "#;
+        assert_eq!(eval(source).unwrap(), "42");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extern_fn_call_errors_in_interpreter() {
+        // Calling an extern fn in the interpreter should produce a clear error
+        let source = r#"
+            extern fn alert(msg: String): Unit
+            let x = alert("hello")
+        "#;
+        let result = eval(source);
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+        let err = result.unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.contains("extern") || err.contains("Extern") || err.contains("JavaScript"),
+            "Error should mention extern/JavaScript: {}", err);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_pub_extern_fn() {
+        // pub extern fn should parse
+        let source = r#"
+            pub extern fn requestAnimationFrame(callback: fn(): Unit): Int
+            let x = 42
+        "#;
+        assert_eq!(eval(source).unwrap(), "42");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extern_fn_js_codegen() {
+        // Verify JS backend emits extern fn calls without _lux suffix
+        use crate::codegen::js_backend::JsBackend;
+        use crate::parser::Parser;
+        use crate::lexer::Lexer;
+
+        let source = r#"
+            extern fn getElementById(id: String): String
+            extern fn getContext(el: String, kind: String): String = "getContext"
+            fn main(): Unit = {
+                let el = getElementById("canvas")
+                let ctx = getContext(el, "2d")
+                ()
+            }
+        "#;
+
+        let tokens = Lexer::new(source).tokenize().unwrap();
+        let program = Parser::new(tokens).parse_program().unwrap();
+        let mut backend = JsBackend::new();
+        let js = backend.generate(&program).unwrap();
+
+        // getElementById should appear as-is (no _lux suffix)
+        assert!(js.contains("getElementById("), "JS should call getElementById directly: {}", js);
+        // getContext should use the JS name override
+        assert!(js.contains("getContext("), "JS should call getContext directly: {}", js);
+        // main should still be mangled
+        assert!(js.contains("main_lux"), "main should be mangled: {}", js);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_invalid_escape_sequence() {
         let result = eval(r#"let x = "\z""#);
@@ -5559,4 +5854,107 @@ c")"#;
         "#;
         assert_eq!(eval(source).unwrap(), "Some(30)");
     }
+
+    // Ref cell tests
+    #[test]
+    fn test_ref_new_and_get() {
+        let source = r#"
+            let r = Ref.new(42)
+            let result = Ref.get(r)
+        "#;
+        assert_eq!(eval(source).unwrap(), "42");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_ref_set() {
+        let source = r#"
+            let r = Ref.new(0)
+            let _ = Ref.set(r, 10)
+            let result = Ref.get(r)
+        "#;
+        assert_eq!(eval(source).unwrap(), "10");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_ref_update() {
+        let source = r#"
+            let r = Ref.new(5)
+            let _ = Ref.update(r, fn(n) => n + 1)
+            let result = Ref.get(r)
+        "#;
+        assert_eq!(eval(source).unwrap(), "6");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_ref_multiple_updates() {
+        let source = r#"
+            let counter = Ref.new(0)
+            let _ = Ref.set(counter, 1)
+            let _ = Ref.update(counter, fn(n) => n * 10)
+            let _ = Ref.set(counter, Ref.get(counter) + 5)
+            let result = Ref.get(counter)
+        "#;
+        assert_eq!(eval(source).unwrap(), "15");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_ref_with_string() {
+        let source = r#"
+            let r = Ref.new("hello")
+            let _ = Ref.set(r, "world")
+            let result = Ref.get(r)
+        "#;
+        assert_eq!(eval(source).unwrap(), "\"world\"");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_file_copy() {
+        use std::io::Write;
+        // Create a temp file, copy it, verify contents
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join("lux_test_file_copy");
+        let _ = std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir);
+        let src = dir.join("src.txt");
+        let dst = dir.join("dst.txt");
+        std::fs::File::create(&src).unwrap().write_all(b"hello copy").unwrap();
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&dst);
+
+        let source = format!(r#"
+            fn main(): Unit with {{File}} =
+                File.copy("{}", "{}")
+            let _ = run main() with {{}}
+            let result = "done"
+        "#, src.display(), dst.display());
+        let result = eval(&source);
+        assert!(result.is_ok(), "File.copy failed: {:?}", result);
+        let contents = std::fs::read_to_string(&dst).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(contents, "hello copy");
+
+        // Cleanup
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_effectful_callback_propagation() {
+        // WISH-7: effectful callbacks in List.forEach should propagate effects
+        // This should type-check successfully because Console effect is inferred
+        let source = r#"
+            fn printAll(items: List<String>): Unit =
+                List.forEach(items, fn(x: String): Unit => Console.print(x))
+            let result = "ok"
+        "#;
+        let result = eval(source);
+        assert!(result.is_ok(), "Effectful callback should type-check: {:?}", result);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_effectful_callback_in_map() {
+        // Effectful callback in List.map should propagate effects
+        let source = r#"
+            fn readAll(paths: List<String>): List<String> =
+                List.map(paths, fn(p: String): String => File.read(p))
+            let result = "ok"
+        "#;
+        let result = eval(source);
+        assert!(result.is_ok(), "Effectful callback in map should type-check: {:?}", result);
+    }
 }

src/modules.rs

@@ -52,6 +52,8 @@ impl Module {
                     Declaration::Let(l) => l.visibility == Visibility::Public,
                     Declaration::Type(t) => t.visibility == Visibility::Public,
                     Declaration::Trait(t) => t.visibility == Visibility::Public,
+                    Declaration::ExternFn(e) => e.visibility == Visibility::Public,
+                    Declaration::ExternLet(e) => e.visibility == Visibility::Public,
                     // Effects, handlers, and impls are always public for now
                     Declaration::Effect(_) | Declaration::Handler(_) | Declaration::Impl(_) => true,
                 }
@@ -279,6 +281,12 @@ impl ModuleLoader {
                 }
                 Declaration::Type(t) if t.visibility == Visibility::Public => {
                     exports.insert(t.name.name.clone());
+                    // Also export constructors for ADT types
+                    if let crate::ast::TypeDef::Enum(variants) = &t.definition {
+                        for variant in variants {
+                            exports.insert(variant.name.name.clone());
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
                 Declaration::Effect(e) => {
                     // Effects are always exported
@@ -288,6 +296,12 @@ impl ModuleLoader {
                     // Handlers are always exported
                     exports.insert(h.name.name.clone());
                 }
+                Declaration::ExternFn(e) if e.visibility == Visibility::Public => {
+                    exports.insert(e.name.name.clone());
+                }
+                Declaration::ExternLet(e) if e.visibility == Visibility::Public => {
+                    exports.insert(e.name.name.clone());
+                }
                 _ => {}
             }
         }

src/parser.rs

@@ -238,6 +238,7 @@ impl Parser {
 
         match self.peek_kind() {
             TokenKind::Fn => Ok(Declaration::Function(self.parse_function_decl(visibility, doc)?)),
+            TokenKind::Extern => self.parse_extern_decl(visibility, doc),
             TokenKind::Effect => Ok(Declaration::Effect(self.parse_effect_decl(doc)?)),
             TokenKind::Handler => Ok(Declaration::Handler(self.parse_handler_decl()?)),
             TokenKind::Type => Ok(Declaration::Type(self.parse_type_decl(visibility, doc)?)),
@@ -245,7 +246,8 @@ impl Parser {
             TokenKind::Trait => Ok(Declaration::Trait(self.parse_trait_decl(visibility, doc)?)),
             TokenKind::Impl => Ok(Declaration::Impl(self.parse_impl_decl()?)),
             TokenKind::Run => Err(self.error("Bare 'run' expressions are not allowed at top level. Use 'let _ = run ...' or 'let result = run ...'")),
-            _ => Err(self.error("Expected declaration (fn, effect, handler, type, trait, impl, or let)")),
+            TokenKind::Handle => Err(self.error("Bare 'handle' expressions are not allowed at top level. Use 'let _ = handle ...' or 'let result = handle ...'")),
+            _ => Err(self.error("Expected declaration (fn, extern, effect, handler, type, trait, impl, or let)")),
         }
     }
 
@@ -322,6 +324,109 @@ impl Parser {
         })
     }
 
+    /// Parse extern declaration: dispatch to extern fn or extern let
+    fn parse_extern_decl(&mut self, visibility: Visibility, doc: Option<String>) -> Result<Declaration, ParseError> {
+        // Peek past 'extern' to see if it's 'fn' or 'let'
+        if self.pos + 1 < self.tokens.len() {
+            match &self.tokens[self.pos + 1].kind {
+                TokenKind::Fn => Ok(Declaration::ExternFn(self.parse_extern_fn_decl(visibility, doc)?)),
+                TokenKind::Let => Ok(Declaration::ExternLet(self.parse_extern_let_decl(visibility, doc)?)),
+                _ => Err(self.error("Expected 'fn' or 'let' after 'extern'")),
+            }
+        } else {
+            Err(self.error("Expected 'fn' or 'let' after 'extern'"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Parse extern let declaration: extern let name: Type = "jsName"
+    fn parse_extern_let_decl(&mut self, visibility: Visibility, doc: Option<String>) -> Result<ExternLetDecl, ParseError> {
+        let start = self.current_span();
+        self.expect(TokenKind::Extern)?;
+        self.expect(TokenKind::Let)?;
+
+        let name = self.parse_ident()?;
+
+        // Type annotation
+        self.expect(TokenKind::Colon)?;
+        let typ = self.parse_type()?;
+
+        // Optional JS name override: = "jsName"
+        let js_name = if self.check(TokenKind::Eq) {
+            self.advance();
+            match self.peek_kind() {
+                TokenKind::String(s) => {
+                    let name = s.clone();
+                    self.advance();
+                    Some(name)
+                }
+                _ => return Err(self.error("Expected string literal for JS name in extern let")),
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        let span = start.merge(self.previous_span());
+        Ok(ExternLetDecl {
+            visibility,
+            doc,
+            name,
+            typ,
+            js_name,
+            span,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Parse extern function declaration: extern fn name<T>(params): ReturnType = "jsName"
+    fn parse_extern_fn_decl(&mut self, visibility: Visibility, doc: Option<String>) -> Result<ExternFnDecl, ParseError> {
+        let start = self.current_span();
+        self.expect(TokenKind::Extern)?;
+        self.expect(TokenKind::Fn)?;
+
+        let name = self.parse_ident()?;
+
+        // Optional type parameters
+        let type_params = if self.check(TokenKind::Lt) {
+            self.parse_type_params()?
+        } else {
+            Vec::new()
+        };
+
+        self.expect(TokenKind::LParen)?;
+        let params = self.parse_params()?;
+        self.expect(TokenKind::RParen)?;
+
+        // Return type
+        self.expect(TokenKind::Colon)?;
+        let return_type = self.parse_type()?;
+
+        // Optional JS name override: = "jsName"
+        let js_name = if self.check(TokenKind::Eq) {
+            self.advance();
+            match self.peek_kind() {
+                TokenKind::String(s) => {
+                    let name = s.clone();
+                    self.advance();
+                    Some(name)
+                }
+                _ => return Err(self.error("Expected string literal for JS name in extern fn")),
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        let span = start.merge(self.previous_span());
+        Ok(ExternFnDecl {
+            visibility,
+            doc,
+            name,
+            type_params,
+            params,
+            return_type,
+            js_name,
+            span,
+        })
+    }
+
     /// Parse effect declaration
     fn parse_effect_decl(&mut self, doc: Option<String>) -> Result<EffectDecl, ParseError> {
         let start = self.current_span();
@@ -845,6 +950,7 @@ impl Parser {
     /// Parse function parameters
     fn parse_params(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<Parameter>, ParseError> {
         let mut params = Vec::new();
+        self.skip_newlines();
 
         while !self.check(TokenKind::RParen) {
             let start = self.current_span();
@@ -854,9 +960,11 @@ impl Parser {
             let span = start.merge(self.previous_span());
 
             params.push(Parameter { name, typ, span });
+            self.skip_newlines();
 
             if !self.check(TokenKind::RParen) {
                 self.expect(TokenKind::Comma)?;
+                self.skip_newlines();
             }
         }
 
@@ -1775,6 +1883,7 @@ impl Parser {
             TokenKind::Let => self.parse_let_expr(),
             TokenKind::Fn => self.parse_lambda_expr(),
             TokenKind::Run => self.parse_run_expr(),
+            TokenKind::Handle => self.parse_handle_expr(),
             TokenKind::Resume => self.parse_resume_expr(),
 
             // Delimiters
@@ -1917,9 +2026,27 @@ impl Parser {
             TokenKind::Ident(name) => {
                 // Check if it starts with uppercase (constructor) or lowercase (variable)
                 if name.chars().next().map_or(false, |c| c.is_uppercase()) {
-                    self.parse_constructor_pattern()
+                    self.parse_constructor_pattern_with_module(None)
                 } else {
                     let ident = self.parse_ident()?;
+                    // Check for module-qualified constructor: module.Constructor
+                    if self.check(TokenKind::Dot) {
+                        // Peek ahead to see if next is an uppercase identifier
+                        let dot_pos = self.pos;
+                        self.advance(); // skip dot
+                        if let TokenKind::Ident(next_name) = self.peek_kind() {
+                            if next_name
+                                .chars()
+                                .next()
+                                .map_or(false, |c| c.is_uppercase())
+                            {
+                                return self
+                                    .parse_constructor_pattern_with_module(Some(ident));
+                            }
+                        }
+                        // Not a module-qualified constructor, backtrack
+                        self.pos = dot_pos;
+                    }
                     Ok(Pattern::Var(ident))
                 }
             }
@@ -1929,25 +2056,40 @@ impl Parser {
         }
     }
 
-    fn parse_constructor_pattern(&mut self) -> Result<Pattern, ParseError> {
+    fn parse_constructor_pattern_with_module(
-        let start = self.current_span();
+        &mut self,
+        module: Option<Ident>,
+    ) -> Result<Pattern, ParseError> {
+        let start = module
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|m| m.span)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.current_span());
         let name = self.parse_ident()?;
 
         if self.check(TokenKind::LParen) {
             self.advance();
+            self.skip_newlines();
             let mut fields = Vec::new();
             while !self.check(TokenKind::RParen) {
                 fields.push(self.parse_pattern()?);
+                self.skip_newlines();
                 if !self.check(TokenKind::RParen) {
                     self.expect(TokenKind::Comma)?;
+                    self.skip_newlines();
                 }
             }
             self.expect(TokenKind::RParen)?;
             let span = start.merge(self.previous_span());
-            Ok(Pattern::Constructor { name, fields, span })
-        } else {
-            let span = name.span;
             Ok(Pattern::Constructor {
+                module,
+                name,
+                fields,
+                span,
+            })
+        } else {
+            let span = start.merge(name.span);
+            Ok(Pattern::Constructor {
+                module,
                 name,
                 fields: Vec::new(),
                 span,
@@ -1958,12 +2100,15 @@ impl Parser {
     fn parse_tuple_pattern(&mut self) -> Result<Pattern, ParseError> {
         let start = self.current_span();
         self.expect(TokenKind::LParen)?;
+        self.skip_newlines();
 
         let mut elements = Vec::new();
         while !self.check(TokenKind::RParen) {
             elements.push(self.parse_pattern()?);
+            self.skip_newlines();
             if !self.check(TokenKind::RParen) {
                 self.expect(TokenKind::Comma)?;
+                self.skip_newlines();
             }
         }
 
@@ -2093,6 +2238,7 @@ impl Parser {
 
     fn parse_lambda_params(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<Parameter>, ParseError> {
         let mut params = Vec::new();
+        self.skip_newlines();
 
         while !self.check(TokenKind::RParen) {
             let start = self.current_span();
@@ -2108,9 +2254,11 @@ impl Parser {
 
             let span = start.merge(self.previous_span());
             params.push(Parameter { name, typ, span });
+            self.skip_newlines();
 
             if !self.check(TokenKind::RParen) {
                 self.expect(TokenKind::Comma)?;
+                self.skip_newlines();
             }
         }
 
@@ -2151,6 +2299,40 @@ impl Parser {
         })
     }
 
+    fn parse_handle_expr(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ParseError> {
+        let start = self.current_span();
+        self.expect(TokenKind::Handle)?;
+
+        let expr = Box::new(self.parse_call_expr()?);
+
+        self.expect(TokenKind::With)?;
+        self.expect(TokenKind::LBrace)?;
+        self.skip_newlines();
+
+        let mut handlers = Vec::new();
+        while !self.check(TokenKind::RBrace) {
+            let effect = self.parse_ident()?;
+            self.expect(TokenKind::Eq)?;
+            let handler = self.parse_expr()?;
+            handlers.push((effect, handler));
+
+            self.skip_newlines();
+            if self.check(TokenKind::Comma) {
+                self.advance();
+            }
+            self.skip_newlines();
+        }
+
+        let end = self.current_span();
+        self.expect(TokenKind::RBrace)?;
+
+        Ok(Expr::Run {
+            expr,
+            handlers,
+            span: start.merge(end),
+        })
+    }
+
     fn parse_resume_expr(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ParseError> {
         let start = self.current_span();
         self.expect(TokenKind::Resume)?;
@@ -2164,6 +2346,7 @@ impl Parser {
     fn parse_tuple_or_paren_expr(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ParseError> {
         let start = self.current_span();
         self.expect(TokenKind::LParen)?;
+        self.skip_newlines();
 
         if self.check(TokenKind::RParen) {
             self.advance();
@@ -2174,16 +2357,19 @@ impl Parser {
         }
 
         let first = self.parse_expr()?;
+        self.skip_newlines();
 
         if self.check(TokenKind::Comma) {
             // Tuple
             let mut elements = vec![first];
             while self.check(TokenKind::Comma) {
                 self.advance();
+                self.skip_newlines();
                 if self.check(TokenKind::RParen) {
                     break;
                 }
                 elements.push(self.parse_expr()?);
+                self.skip_newlines();
             }
             self.expect(TokenKind::RParen)?;
             let span = start.merge(self.previous_span());
@@ -2214,12 +2400,34 @@ impl Parser {
             return self.parse_record_expr_rest(start);
         }
 
-        // Check if it's a record (ident: expr) or block
+        // Check if it's a record (ident: expr or ident.path: expr) or block
         if matches!(self.peek_kind(), TokenKind::Ident(_)) {
             let lookahead = self.tokens.get(self.pos + 1).map(|t| &t.kind);
             if matches!(lookahead, Some(TokenKind::Colon)) {
                 return self.parse_record_expr_rest(start);
             }
+            // Check for deep path record: { ident.ident...: expr }
+            if matches!(lookahead, Some(TokenKind::Dot)) {
+                let mut look = self.pos + 2;
+                loop {
+                    match self.tokens.get(look).map(|t| &t.kind) {
+                        Some(TokenKind::Ident(_)) => {
+                            look += 1;
+                            match self.tokens.get(look).map(|t| &t.kind) {
+                                Some(TokenKind::Colon) => {
+                                    return self.parse_record_expr_rest(start);
+                                }
+                                Some(TokenKind::Dot) => {
+                                    look += 1;
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+                                _ => break,
+                            }
+                        }
+                        _ => break,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         // It's a block
@@ -2227,8 +2435,9 @@ impl Parser {
     }
 
     fn parse_record_expr_rest(&mut self, start: Span) -> Result<Expr, ParseError> {
-        let mut fields = Vec::new();
+        let mut raw_fields: Vec<(Vec<Ident>, Expr)> = Vec::new();
         let mut spread = None;
+        let mut has_deep_paths = false;
 
         // Check for spread: { ...expr, ... }
         if self.check(TokenKind::DotDotDot) {
@@ -2245,9 +2454,21 @@ impl Parser {
 
         while !self.check(TokenKind::RBrace) {
             let name = self.parse_ident()?;
+
+            // Check for dotted path: pos.x, pos.x.y, etc.
+            let mut path = vec![name];
+            while self.check(TokenKind::Dot) {
+                self.advance(); // consume .
+                let segment = self.parse_ident()?;
+                path.push(segment);
+            }
+            if path.len() > 1 {
+                has_deep_paths = true;
+            }
+
             self.expect(TokenKind::Colon)?;
             let value = self.parse_expr()?;
-            fields.push((name, value));
+            raw_fields.push((path, value));
 
             self.skip_newlines();
             if self.check(TokenKind::Comma) {
@@ -2258,12 +2479,121 @@ impl Parser {
 
         self.expect(TokenKind::RBrace)?;
         let span = start.merge(self.previous_span());
+
+        if has_deep_paths {
+            Self::desugar_deep_fields(spread, raw_fields, span)
+        } else {
+            // No deep paths — use flat fields directly (common case, no allocation overhead)
+            let fields = raw_fields
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|(mut path, value)| (path.remove(0), value))
+                .collect();
             Ok(Expr::Record {
                 spread,
                 fields,
                 span,
             })
         }
+    }
+
+    /// Desugar deep path record fields into nested record spread expressions.
+    /// `{ ...base, pos.x: vx, pos.y: vy }` becomes `{ ...base, pos: { ...base.pos, x: vx, y: vy } }`
+    fn desugar_deep_fields(
+        spread: Option<Box<Expr>>,
+        raw_fields: Vec<(Vec<Ident>, Expr)>,
+        outer_span: Span,
+    ) -> Result<Expr, ParseError> {
+        use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+        // Group fields by first path segment, preserving order
+        let mut groups: Vec<(String, Vec<(Vec<Ident>, Expr)>)> = Vec::new();
+        let mut group_map: HashMap<String, usize> = HashMap::new();
+
+        for (path, value) in raw_fields {
+            let key = path[0].name.clone();
+            if let Some(&idx) = group_map.get(&key) {
+                groups[idx].1.push((path, value));
+            } else {
+                group_map.insert(key.clone(), groups.len());
+                groups.push((key, vec![(path, value)]));
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut fields = Vec::new();
+        for (_, group) in groups {
+            let first_ident = group[0].0[0].clone();
+
+            let has_flat = group.iter().any(|(p, _)| p.len() == 1);
+            let has_deep = group.iter().any(|(p, _)| p.len() > 1);
+
+            if has_flat && has_deep {
+                return Err(ParseError {
+                    message: format!(
+                        "Field '{}' appears as both a direct field and a deep path prefix",
+                        first_ident.name
+                    ),
+                    span: first_ident.span,
+                });
+            }
+
+            if has_flat {
+                if group.len() > 1 {
+                    return Err(ParseError {
+                        message: format!("Duplicate field '{}'", first_ident.name),
+                        span: group[1].0[0].span,
+                    });
+                }
+                let (_, value) = group.into_iter().next().unwrap();
+                fields.push((first_ident, value));
+            } else {
+                // Deep paths — create nested record with spread from parent
+                let sub_spread = spread.as_ref().map(|s| {
+                    Box::new(Expr::Field {
+                        object: s.clone(),
+                        field: first_ident.clone(),
+                        span: first_ident.span,
+                    })
+                });
+
+                // Strip first segment from all paths
+                let sub_fields: Vec<(Vec<Ident>, Expr)> = group
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|(mut path, value)| {
+                        path.remove(0);
+                        (path, value)
+                    })
+                    .collect();
+
+                let has_nested_deep = sub_fields.iter().any(|(p, _)| p.len() > 1);
+                if has_nested_deep {
+                    // Recursively desugar deeper paths
+                    let nested =
+                        Self::desugar_deep_fields(sub_spread, sub_fields, first_ident.span)?;
+                    fields.push((first_ident, nested));
+                } else {
+                    // All sub-paths are single-segment — build Record directly
+                    let flat_fields: Vec<(Ident, Expr)> = sub_fields
+                        .into_iter()
+                        .map(|(mut path, value)| (path.remove(0), value))
+                        .collect();
+                    fields.push((
+                        first_ident.clone(),
+                        Expr::Record {
+                            spread: sub_spread,
+                            fields: flat_fields,
+                            span: first_ident.span,
+                        },
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(Expr::Record {
+            spread,
+            fields,
+            span: outer_span,
+        })
+    }
 
     fn parse_block_rest(&mut self, start: Span) -> Result<Expr, ParseError> {
         let mut statements = Vec::new();

src/symbol_table.rs

@@ -245,6 +245,48 @@ impl SymbolTable {
             Declaration::Handler(h) => self.visit_handler(h, scope_idx),
             Declaration::Trait(t) => self.visit_trait(t, scope_idx),
             Declaration::Impl(i) => self.visit_impl(i, scope_idx),
+            Declaration::ExternFn(ext) => {
+                let is_public = matches!(ext.visibility, Visibility::Public);
+                let params: Vec<String> = ext
+                    .params
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|p| format!("{}: {}", p.name.name, self.type_expr_to_string(&p.typ)))
+                    .collect();
+                let sig = format!(
+                    "extern fn {}({}): {}",
+                    ext.name.name,
+                    params.join(", "),
+                    self.type_expr_to_string(&ext.return_type)
+                );
+                let mut symbol = self.new_symbol(
+                    ext.name.name.clone(),
+                    SymbolKind::Function,
+                    ext.span,
+                    Some(sig),
+                    is_public,
+                );
+                symbol.documentation = ext.doc.clone();
+                let id = self.add_symbol(scope_idx, symbol);
+                self.add_reference(id, ext.name.span, true, true);
+            }
+            Declaration::ExternLet(ext) => {
+                let is_public = matches!(ext.visibility, Visibility::Public);
+                let sig = format!(
+                    "extern let {}: {}",
+                    ext.name.name,
+                    self.type_expr_to_string(&ext.typ)
+                );
+                let mut symbol = self.new_symbol(
+                    ext.name.name.clone(),
+                    SymbolKind::Variable,
+                    ext.span,
+                    Some(sig),
+                    is_public,
+                );
+                symbol.documentation = ext.doc.clone();
+                let id = self.add_symbol(scope_idx, symbol);
+                self.add_reference(id, ext.name.span, true, true);
+            }
         }
     }
 

src/typechecker.rs

@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
 use crate::ast::{
-    self, BinaryOp, Declaration, EffectDecl, Expr, FunctionDecl, HandlerDecl, Ident, ImplDecl,
+    self, BinaryOp, Declaration, EffectDecl, ExternFnDecl, Expr, FunctionDecl, HandlerDecl, Ident,
-    ImportDecl, LetDecl, Literal, LiteralKind, MatchArm, Parameter, Pattern, Program, Span,
+    ImplDecl, ImportDecl, LetDecl, Literal, LiteralKind, MatchArm, Parameter, Pattern, Program,
-    Statement, TraitDecl, TypeDecl, TypeExpr, UnaryOp, VariantFields,
+    Span, Statement, TraitDecl, TypeDecl, TypeExpr, UnaryOp, VariantFields,
 };
 use crate::diagnostics::{find_similar_names, format_did_you_mean, Diagnostic, ErrorCode, Severity};
 use crate::exhaustiveness::{check_exhaustiveness, missing_patterns_hint};
@@ -981,6 +981,13 @@ impl TypeChecker {
                     if !fields.is_empty() {
                         self.env.bind(&name, TypeScheme::mono(Type::Record(fields)));
                     }
+
+                    // Also copy type definitions so imported types are usable
+                    for (type_name, type_def) in &module_checker.env.types {
+                        if !self.env.types.contains_key(type_name) {
+                            self.env.types.insert(type_name.clone(), type_def.clone());
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
                 ImportKind::Direct => {
                     // Import a specific name directly
@@ -1220,6 +1227,22 @@ impl TypeChecker {
                 let trait_impl = self.collect_impl(impl_decl);
                 self.env.trait_impls.push(trait_impl);
             }
+            Declaration::ExternFn(ext) => {
+                // Register extern fn type signature (like a regular function but no body)
+                let param_types: Vec<Type> = ext
+                    .params
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|p| self.resolve_type(&p.typ))
+                    .collect();
+                let return_type = self.resolve_type(&ext.return_type);
+                let fn_type = Type::function(param_types, return_type);
+                self.env.bind(&ext.name.name, TypeScheme::mono(fn_type));
+            }
+            Declaration::ExternLet(ext) => {
+                // Register extern let with its declared type
+                let typ = self.resolve_type(&ext.typ);
+                self.env.bind(&ext.name.name, TypeScheme::mono(typ));
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -1951,6 +1974,17 @@ impl TypeChecker {
         let func_type = self.infer_expr(func);
         let arg_types: Vec<Type> = args.iter().map(|a| self.infer_expr(a)).collect();
 
+        // Propagate effects from callback arguments to enclosing scope
+        for arg_type in &arg_types {
+            if let Type::Function { effects, .. } = arg_type {
+                for effect in &effects.effects {
+                    if self.inferring_effects {
+                        self.inferred_effects.insert(effect.clone());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         // Check property constraints from where clauses
         if let Expr::Var(func_id) = func {
             if let Some(constraints) = self.property_constraints.get(&func_id.name).cloned() {
@@ -2061,6 +2095,18 @@ impl TypeChecker {
                 if let Some((_, field_type)) = fields.iter().find(|(n, _)| n == &operation.name) {
                     // It's a function call on a module field
                     let arg_types: Vec<Type> = args.iter().map(|a| self.infer_expr(a)).collect();
+
+                    // Propagate effects from callback arguments to enclosing scope
+                    for arg_type in &arg_types {
+                        if let Type::Function { effects, .. } = arg_type {
+                            for effect in &effects.effects {
+                                if self.inferring_effects {
+                                    self.inferred_effects.insert(effect.clone());
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
                     let result_type = Type::var();
                     let expected_fn = Type::function(arg_types, result_type.clone());
 
@@ -2120,6 +2166,17 @@ impl TypeChecker {
                 // Check argument types
                 let arg_types: Vec<Type> = args.iter().map(|a| self.infer_expr(a)).collect();
 
+                // Propagate effects from callback arguments to enclosing scope
+                for arg_type in &arg_types {
+                    if let Type::Function { effects, .. } = arg_type {
+                        for effect in &effects.effects {
+                            if self.inferring_effects {
+                                self.inferred_effects.insert(effect.clone());
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
                 if arg_types.len() != op.params.len() {
                     self.errors.push(TypeError {
                         message: format!(
@@ -2442,7 +2499,7 @@ impl TypeChecker {
                 Vec::new()
             }
 
-            Pattern::Constructor { name, fields, span } => {
+            Pattern::Constructor { name, fields, span, .. } => {
                 // Look up constructor
                 // For now, handle Option specially
                 match name.name.as_str() {
@@ -2969,6 +3026,9 @@ impl TypeChecker {
                         "Map" if resolved_args.len() == 2 => {
                             return Type::Map(Box::new(resolved_args[0].clone()), Box::new(resolved_args[1].clone()));
                         }
+                        "Ref" if resolved_args.len() == 1 => {
+                            return Type::Ref(Box::new(resolved_args[0].clone()));
+                        }
                         _ => {}
                     }
                 }

src/types.rs

@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ pub enum Type {
     Option(Box<Type>),
     /// Map type (sugar for App(Map, [K, V]))
     Map(Box<Type>, Box<Type>),
+    /// Ref type — mutable reference cell holding a value of type T
+    Ref(Box<Type>),
     /// Versioned type (e.g., User @v2)
     Versioned {
         base: Box<Type>,
@@ -120,7 +122,7 @@ impl Type {
             }
             Type::Tuple(elements) => elements.iter().any(|e| e.contains_var(var)),
             Type::Record(fields) => fields.iter().any(|(_, t)| t.contains_var(var)),
-            Type::List(inner) | Type::Option(inner) => inner.contains_var(var),
+            Type::List(inner) | Type::Option(inner) | Type::Ref(inner) => inner.contains_var(var),
             Type::Map(k, v) => k.contains_var(var) || v.contains_var(var),
             Type::Versioned { base, .. } => base.contains_var(var),
             _ => false,
@@ -161,6 +163,7 @@ impl Type {
             ),
             Type::List(inner) => Type::List(Box::new(inner.apply(subst))),
             Type::Option(inner) => Type::Option(Box::new(inner.apply(subst))),
+            Type::Ref(inner) => Type::Ref(Box::new(inner.apply(subst))),
             Type::Map(k, v) => Type::Map(Box::new(k.apply(subst)), Box::new(v.apply(subst))),
             Type::Versioned { base, version } => Type::Versioned {
                 base: Box::new(base.apply(subst)),
@@ -211,7 +214,7 @@ impl Type {
                 }
                 vars
             }
-            Type::List(inner) | Type::Option(inner) => inner.free_vars(),
+            Type::List(inner) | Type::Option(inner) | Type::Ref(inner) => inner.free_vars(),
             Type::Map(k, v) => {
                 let mut vars = k.free_vars();
                 vars.extend(v.free_vars());
@@ -288,6 +291,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for Type {
             }
             Type::List(inner) => write!(f, "List<{}>", inner),
             Type::Option(inner) => write!(f, "Option<{}>", inner),
+            Type::Ref(inner) => write!(f, "Ref<{}>", inner),
             Type::Map(k, v) => write!(f, "Map<{}, {}>", k, v),
             Type::Versioned { base, version } => {
                 write!(f, "{} {}", base, version)
@@ -956,6 +960,46 @@ impl TypeEnv {
                         params: vec![("path".to_string(), Type::String)],
                         return_type: Type::Unit,
                     },
+                    EffectOpDef {
+                        name: "copy".to_string(),
+                        params: vec![
+                            ("source".to_string(), Type::String),
+                            ("dest".to_string(), Type::String),
+                        ],
+                        return_type: Type::Unit,
+                    },
+                    EffectOpDef {
+                        name: "glob".to_string(),
+                        params: vec![("pattern".to_string(), Type::String)],
+                        return_type: Type::List(Box::new(Type::String)),
+                    },
+                    EffectOpDef {
+                        name: "tryRead".to_string(),
+                        params: vec![("path".to_string(), Type::String)],
+                        return_type: Type::App {
+                            constructor: Box::new(Type::Named("Result".to_string())),
+                            args: vec![Type::String, Type::String],
+                        },
+                    },
+                    EffectOpDef {
+                        name: "tryWrite".to_string(),
+                        params: vec![
+                            ("path".to_string(), Type::String),
+                            ("content".to_string(), Type::String),
+                        ],
+                        return_type: Type::App {
+                            constructor: Box::new(Type::Named("Result".to_string())),
+                            args: vec![Type::Unit, Type::String],
+                        },
+                    },
+                    EffectOpDef {
+                        name: "tryDelete".to_string(),
+                        params: vec![("path".to_string(), Type::String)],
+                        return_type: Type::App {
+                            constructor: Box::new(Type::Named("Result".to_string())),
+                            args: vec![Type::Unit, Type::String],
+                        },
+                    },
                 ],
             },
         );
@@ -1499,6 +1543,16 @@ impl TypeEnv {
                     Type::Option(Box::new(Type::var())),
                 ),
             ),
+            (
+                "findIndex".to_string(),
+                Type::function(
+                    vec![
+                        Type::List(Box::new(Type::var())),
+                        Type::function(vec![Type::var()], Type::Bool),
+                    ],
+                    Type::Option(Box::new(Type::Int)),
+                ),
+            ),
             (
                 "any".to_string(),
                 Type::function(
@@ -1543,6 +1597,50 @@ impl TypeEnv {
                     Type::Unit,
                 ),
             ),
+            (
+                "sort".to_string(),
+                Type::function(
+                    vec![Type::List(Box::new(Type::var()))],
+                    Type::List(Box::new(Type::var())),
+                ),
+            ),
+            (
+                "sortBy".to_string(),
+                {
+                    let elem = Type::var();
+                    Type::function(
+                        vec![
+                            Type::List(Box::new(elem.clone())),
+                            Type::function(vec![elem.clone(), elem], Type::Int),
+                        ],
+                        Type::List(Box::new(Type::var())),
+                    )
+                },
+            ),
+            (
+                "zip".to_string(),
+                Type::function(
+                    vec![
+                        Type::List(Box::new(Type::var())),
+                        Type::List(Box::new(Type::var())),
+                    ],
+                    Type::List(Box::new(Type::Tuple(vec![Type::var(), Type::var()]))),
+                ),
+            ),
+            (
+                "flatten".to_string(),
+                Type::function(
+                    vec![Type::List(Box::new(Type::List(Box::new(Type::var()))))],
+                    Type::List(Box::new(Type::var())),
+                ),
+            ),
+            (
+                "contains".to_string(),
+                Type::function(
+                    vec![Type::List(Box::new(Type::var())), Type::var()],
+                    Type::Bool,
+                ),
+            ),
         ]);
         env.bind("List", TypeScheme::mono(list_module_type));
 
@@ -1852,6 +1950,32 @@ impl TypeEnv {
         ]);
         env.bind("Map", TypeScheme::mono(map_module_type));
 
+        // Ref module
+        let ref_inner = || Type::var();
+        let ref_type = || Type::Ref(Box::new(Type::var()));
+        let ref_module_type = Type::Record(vec![
+            (
+                "new".to_string(),
+                Type::function(vec![ref_inner()], ref_type()),
+            ),
+            (
+                "get".to_string(),
+                Type::function(vec![ref_type()], ref_inner()),
+            ),
+            (
+                "set".to_string(),
+                Type::function(vec![ref_type(), ref_inner()], Type::Unit),
+            ),
+            (
+                "update".to_string(),
+                Type::function(
+                    vec![ref_type(), Type::function(vec![ref_inner()], ref_inner())],
+                    Type::Unit,
+                ),
+            ),
+        ]);
+        env.bind("Ref", TypeScheme::mono(ref_module_type));
+
         // Result module
         let result_type = Type::App {
             constructor: Box::new(Type::Named("Result".to_string())),
@@ -2091,6 +2215,9 @@ impl TypeEnv {
             Type::Map(k, v) => {
                 Type::Map(Box::new(self.expand_type_alias(k)), Box::new(self.expand_type_alias(v)))
             }
+            Type::Ref(inner) => {
+                Type::Ref(Box::new(self.expand_type_alias(inner)))
+            }
             Type::Versioned { base, version } => {
                 Type::Versioned {
                     base: Box::new(self.expand_type_alias(base)),
@@ -2251,6 +2378,9 @@ pub fn unify(t1: &Type, t2: &Type) -> Result<Substitution, String> {
         // Option
         (Type::Option(a), Type::Option(b)) => unify(a, b),
 
+        // Ref
+        (Type::Ref(a), Type::Ref(b)) => unify(a, b),
+
         // Map
         (Type::Map(k1, v1), Type::Map(k2, v2)) => {
             let s1 = unify(k1, k2)?;

stdlib/html.lux

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 pub type Html<M> =
     | Element(String, List<Attr<M>>, List<Html<M>>)
     | Text(String)
+    | RawHtml(String)
     | Empty
 
 // Attributes that can be applied to elements
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ pub type Attr<M> =
     | OnKeyDown(fn(String): M)
     | OnKeyUp(fn(String): M)
     | DataAttr(String, String)
+    | Attribute(String, String)
 
 // ============================================================================
 // Element builders - Container elements
@@ -180,6 +182,28 @@ pub fn video<M>(attrs: List<Attr<M>>, children: List<Html<M>>): Html<M> =
 pub fn audio<M>(attrs: List<Attr<M>>, children: List<Html<M>>): Html<M> =
     Element("audio", attrs, children)
 
+// ============================================================================
+// Element builders - Document / Head elements
+// ============================================================================
+
+pub fn meta<M>(attrs: List<Attr<M>>): Html<M> =
+    Element("meta", attrs, [])
+
+pub fn link<M>(attrs: List<Attr<M>>): Html<M> =
+    Element("link", attrs, [])
+
+pub fn script<M>(attrs: List<Attr<M>>, children: List<Html<M>>): Html<M> =
+    Element("script", attrs, children)
+
+pub fn iframe<M>(attrs: List<Attr<M>>, children: List<Html<M>>): Html<M> =
+    Element("iframe", attrs, children)
+
+pub fn figure<M>(attrs: List<Attr<M>>, children: List<Html<M>>): Html<M> =
+    Element("figure", attrs, children)
+
+pub fn figcaption<M>(attrs: List<Attr<M>>, children: List<Html<M>>): Html<M> =
+    Element("figcaption", attrs, children)
+
 // ============================================================================
 // Element builders - Tables
 // ============================================================================
@@ -285,6 +309,12 @@ pub fn onKeyUp<M>(h: fn(String): M): Attr<M> =
 pub fn data<M>(name: String, value: String): Attr<M> =
     DataAttr(name, value)
 
+pub fn attr<M>(name: String, value: String): Attr<M> =
+    Attribute(name, value)
+
+pub fn rawHtml<M>(content: String): Html<M> =
+    RawHtml(content)
+
 // ============================================================================
 // Utility functions
 // ============================================================================
@@ -319,6 +349,7 @@ pub fn renderAttr<M>(attr: Attr<M>): String =
         Checked(false) => "",
         Name(n) => " name=\"" + n + "\"",
         DataAttr(name, value) => " data-" + name + "=\"" + value + "\"",
+        Attribute(name, value) => " " + name + "=\"" + value + "\"",
         // Event handlers are ignored in static rendering
         OnClick(_) => "",
         OnInput(_) => "",
@@ -355,6 +386,7 @@ pub fn render<M>(html: Html<M>): String =
             }
         },
         Text(content) => escapeHtml(content),
+        RawHtml(content) => content,
         Empty => ""
     }
 
@@ -368,15 +400,47 @@ pub fn escapeHtml(s: String): String = {
     s4
 }
 
-// Render a full HTML document
+// Render a full HTML document (basic)
 pub fn document(title: String, headExtra: List<Html<M>>, bodyContent: List<Html<M>>): String = {
     let headElements = List.concat([
-        [Element("meta", [DataAttr("charset", "UTF-8")], [])],
+        [Element("meta", [Attribute("charset", "UTF-8")], [])],
-        [Element("meta", [Name("viewport"), Value("width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0")], [])],
+        [Element("meta", [Name("viewport"), Attribute("content", "width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0")], [])],
         [Element("title", [], [Text(title)])],
         headExtra
     ])
-    let doc = Element("html", [DataAttr("lang", "en")], [
+    let doc = Element("html", [Attribute("lang", "en")], [
+        Element("head", [], headElements),
+        Element("body", [], bodyContent)
+    ])
+    "<!DOCTYPE html>\n" + render(doc)
+}
+
+// Render a full HTML document with SEO meta tags
+pub fn seoDocument(
+    title: String,
+    description: String,
+    url: String,
+    ogImage: String,
+    headExtra: List<Html<M>>,
+    bodyContent: List<Html<M>>
+): String = {
+    let headElements = List.concat([
+        [Element("meta", [Attribute("charset", "UTF-8")], [])],
+        [Element("meta", [Name("viewport"), Attribute("content", "width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0")], [])],
+        [Element("title", [], [Text(title)])],
+        [Element("meta", [Name("description"), Attribute("content", description)], [])],
+        [Element("meta", [Attribute("property", "og:title"), Attribute("content", title)], [])],
+        [Element("meta", [Attribute("property", "og:description"), Attribute("content", description)], [])],
+        [Element("meta", [Attribute("property", "og:type"), Attribute("content", "website")], [])],
+        [Element("meta", [Attribute("property", "og:url"), Attribute("content", url)], [])],
+        [Element("meta", [Attribute("property", "og:image"), Attribute("content", ogImage)], [])],
+        [Element("meta", [Name("twitter:card"), Attribute("content", "summary_large_image")], [])],
+        [Element("meta", [Name("twitter:title"), Attribute("content", title)], [])],
+        [Element("meta", [Name("twitter:description"), Attribute("content", description)], [])],
+        [Element("link", [Attribute("rel", "canonical"), Href(url)], [])],
+        headExtra
+    ])
+    let doc = Element("html", [Attribute("lang", "en")], [
         Element("head", [], headElements),
         Element("body", [], bodyContent)
     ])

stdlib/http.lux

@@ -625,6 +625,41 @@ pub fn router(routes: List<Route>, notFound: fn(Request): Response): Handler =
         }
     }
 
+// ============================================================
+// Static File Serving
+// ============================================================
+
+// Serve a static file from disk
+pub fn serveStaticFile(basePath: String, requestPath: String): Response with {File} = {
+    let filePath = basePath + requestPath
+    if File.exists(filePath) then {
+        let content = File.read(filePath)
+        let mime = getMimeType(filePath)
+        { status: 200, headers: [("Content-Type", mime)], body: content }
+    } else
+        { status: 404, headers: textHeaders(), body: "Not Found" }
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// Form Body Parsing
+// ============================================================
+
+// Parse URL-encoded form body (same format as query strings)
+pub fn parseFormBody(body: String): List<(String, String)> =
+    parseQueryParams(body)
+
+// Get a form field value by name
+pub fn getFormField(fields: List<(String, String)>, name: String): Option<String> =
+    getParam(fields, name)
+
+// ============================================================
+// Response Helpers
+// ============================================================
+
+// Send a Response using HttpServer effect (convenience wrapper)
+pub fn sendResponse(resp: Response): Unit with {HttpServer} =
+    HttpServer.respondWithHeaders(resp.status, resp.body, resp.headers)
+
 // ============================================================
 // Example Usage
 // ============================================================