Website rebuilt from scratch based on analysis of 11 beloved language
websites (Elm, Zig, Gleam, Swift, Kotlin, Haskell, OCaml, Crystal, Roc,
Rust, Go).
New website structure:
- Homepage with hero, playground, three pillars, install guide
- Language Tour with interactive lessons (hello world, types, effects)
- Examples cookbook with categorized sidebar
- API documentation index
- Installation guide (Nix and source)
- Sleek/noble design (black/gold, serif typography)
Also includes:
- New stdlib/json.lux module for JSON serialization
- Enhanced stdlib/http.lux with middleware and routing
- New string functions (charAt, indexOf, lastIndexOf, repeat)
- LSP improvements (rename, signature help, formatting)
- Package manager transitive dependency resolution
- Updated documentation for effects and stdlib
- New showcase example (task_manager.lux)
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
1. String == comparison now uses strcmp instead of pointer comparison
- Added check in emit_expr() for BinaryOp::Eq/Ne on strings
- Also fixed in emit_expr_with_env() for closures
2. Support `let _ = expr` pattern to discard values
- Parser now accepts underscore in let bindings (both blocks and expressions)
- C backend emits (void)expr; for underscore patterns
3. Fix list head/tail/get memory management
- Added lux_incref() when extracting elements from lists
- Prevents use-after-free when original list is freed
4. String.startsWith was already implemented (verified working)
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
- Fix parse_list_expr to skip newlines between list elements
- Add `pub` keyword to all exported functions in stdlib/html.lux
- Change List.foldl to List.fold (matching built-in name)
- Update weaknesses document with fixed issues
The module import system now works correctly. This enables:
- import stdlib/html to work as expected
- html.div(), html.render() etc. to be accessible
- Multi-line list expressions in Lux source files
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The LuxList struct body was defined after functions that used it,
causing "invalid use of incomplete typedef" errors. Moved struct
definition earlier, right after the forward declaration.
Compiled Lux now works and achieves C-level performance:
- Lux (compiled): 0.030s
- C (gcc -O3): 0.028s
- Rust: 0.041s
- Zig: 0.046s
Updated benchmark documentation with accurate measurements for
both compiled and interpreted modes.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Implements full PostgreSQL support through the Postgres effect:
- connect(connStr): Connect to PostgreSQL database
- close(conn): Close connection
- execute(conn, sql): Execute INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE, return affected rows
- query(conn, sql): Execute SELECT, return all rows as records
- queryOne(conn, sql): Execute SELECT, return first row as Option
- beginTx(conn): Start transaction
- commit(conn): Commit transaction
- rollback(conn): Rollback transaction
Includes:
- Connection tracking with connection IDs
- Row mapping to Lux records with field access
- Transaction support
- Example: examples/postgres_demo.lux
- Documentation in docs/guide/11-databases.md
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
- Add ErrorCode enum with categorized codes (E01xx parse, E02xx type,
E03xx name, E04xx effect, E05xx pattern, E06xx module, E07xx behavioral)
- Extend Diagnostic struct with error code, expected/actual types, and
secondary spans
- Add format_type_diff() for visual type comparison in error messages
- Add help URLs linking to lux-lang.dev/errors/{code}
- Update typechecker, parser, and interpreter to use error codes
- Categorize errors with specific codes and helpful hints
Error messages now show:
- Error code in header: -- ERROR[E0301] ──
- Clear error category title
- Visual type diff for type mismatches
- Context-aware hints
- "Learn more" URL for documentation
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
- Add String.fromChar, chars, substring, toUpper, toLower, replace,
startsWith, endsWith, join to C backend
- Fix record type alias unification by adding expand_type_alias and
unify_with_env functions
- Update docs to reflect current implementation status
- Clean up outdated roadmap items and fix inconsistencies
- Add comprehensive language comparison document
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
- Parser and typechecker updates for new features
- Schema evolution refinements
- Type system enhancements
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
- Auto-discover .lux files for fmt and check commands
- Add --target js flag for JavaScript compilation
- Improve help text for new features
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
- Add full Dom effect: querySelector, createElement, addEventListener,
setAttribute, classList, styles, forms, scrolling, etc.
- Add Html module for type-safe HTML construction (Elm-style)
- Add TEA (The Elm Architecture) runtime for browser apps
- Add view dependency analysis for Svelte-style optimizations
- Support both browser and Node.js environments
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
- Auto-add .lux_packages/ to module search paths
- Find project root by looking for lux.toml
- Enable importing modules from installed packages
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
- Add magic number system (LUX_RC_MAGIC) to distinguish RC-managed
allocations from static string literals, preventing crashes on decref
- Convert string helpers (trim, lines, split) to use lux_rc_alloc
- Track inline RC temps from effect operations (Process.exec, File.read,
Console.readLine, Http ops, String ops) by creating temp variables
- Implement ownership transfer: when RC temp is bound to a variable,
unregister temp and only track bound variable to avoid double-free
- Result: grapho runs with 0 memory leaks
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Phase 2 of JS backend: implement effect handlers in runtime
Effects added:
- Console: print, readLine, readInt
- Random: int, bool, float
- Time: now, sleep
- Http: get, post, postJson (async with fetch)
Bug fixes:
- Fix if-else with blocks executing both branches (use if-else
statement instead of ternary for branches with statements)
- Fix main function being called twice when top-level let binding
already invokes it
- Fix List module operations incorrectly treated as effect operations
New tests:
- test_js_random_int
- test_js_random_bool
- test_js_random_float
- test_js_time_now
All 19 JS backend tests pass.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Add 10 integration tests that compile Lux to JavaScript and verify
correct execution in Node.js:
- test_js_factorial: Recursion and effects
- test_js_fibonacci: Classic recursive algorithm
- test_js_adt_and_pattern_matching: Custom ADTs with match
- test_js_option_type: Built-in Option type handling
- test_js_closures: Closure creation and variable capture
- test_js_higher_order_functions: Functions as values
- test_js_list_operations: List.map, List.foldl
- test_js_pipe_operator: Pipe (|>) operator
- test_js_records: Record literal and field access
- test_js_string_concatenation: String operations
Also fix List module operations being incorrectly treated as effects
by adding special-case handling in EffectOp emission.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
- Fix unused import std::io::Read in interpreter.rs by using qualified call
- Add #[allow(dead_code)] to CGenError.span (kept for future error reporting)
- Add #[allow(dead_code)] to local_vars field (planned for free variable analysis)
- Add #[allow(dead_code)] to unbox_value and emit_all_scope_cleanup methods
All 263 tests pass.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Benchmarks:
- Add fib, list_ops, primes benchmarks comparing Lux vs Node.js vs Rust
- Lux matches Rust performance and is 8-30x faster than Node.js
- Add docs/benchmarks.md documenting results
LSP improvements:
- Context-aware completions (module access vs general)
- Add List, String, Option, Result, Console, Math method completions
- Add type and builtin completions
- Hover now shows type signatures and documentation for known symbols
- Hover returns formatted markdown with code blocks
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
- toString now stores result in temp variable and registers for RC
- String concatenation stores result and registers for RC
- Immediately decref temporary input strings after concat to avoid leaks
- Add is_rc_temp() helper to identify RC temporary variables
This fixes the memory leak where dynamically created strings from
toString() and string concatenation were not being freed.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Add runtime counters tracking FBIP reuse vs copy operations:
- lux_fbip_reuse_count: incremented when rc=1 allows in-place mutation
- lux_fbip_copy_count: incremented when rc>1 forces allocation
Output now shows both memory stats and FBIP stats:
[RC] No leaks: 13 allocs, 13 frees
[FBIP] 3 reuses, 0 copies
Rename test_no_fbip.lux to test_ownership_transfer.lux to better
reflect that ownership transfer enables FBIP even with aliases.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
When rc=1 at update sites, mutate in-place instead of allocating new:
List.reverse:
- Swap element pointers in-place instead of creating new list
List.take:
- Truncate list in-place, decref dropped elements
List.drop:
- Shift elements to front in-place, decref dropped elements
List.map:
- Mutate elements in-place, decref old values before storing new
List.filter:
- Filter in-place by shifting kept elements, decref filtered-out elements
All operations check LUX_RC_HEADER(list)->rc == 1 at runtime and
fall back to allocation when rc > 1 (list is shared).
This completes Phase B performance optimizations:
- B1: Last-use optimization (ownership transfer) ✅
- B2: Reuse analysis (FBIP) ✅
- B3: Drop specialization ✅
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Phase B Performance Optimizations:
Drop Specialization:
- Add specialized decref functions: lux_decref_list, lux_decref_closure,
lux_decref_string, lux_decref_boxed
- Inline drop logic eliminates polymorphic dispatch through lux_drop
- Forward type declarations (typedef struct X_s X) for proper C ordering
Ownership Transfer (Last-Use Optimization):
- Track variable types in var_types HashMap for type inference
- When assigning let b = a where a is RC-tracked:
- Unregister source variable from RC cleanup
- Register destination variable instead
- Prevents double-free and eliminates unnecessary incref/decref pairs
Also:
- Fix type inference for variable references in infer_expr_type
- Add is_rc_tracked() and unregister_rc_var() helper functions
- Update REFERENCE_COUNTING.md with Phase B progress
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
- Add escape_c_keyword() to mangle C reserved words (double, int, etc.)
- Implement toString() mapping to lux_int_to_string()
- Add string concatenation detection for BinaryOp::Add using lux_string_concat()
- Add is_string_expr() helper for string expression detection
- Update infer_expr_type() for toString, string concat, and if expressions
- Implement complex conditionals RC handling: use if-statements instead of
ternaries when branches create RC values to avoid allocating unused branches
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
- Add pop_rc_scope_except() to skip decref'ing returned variables
- Block expressions now properly preserve returned RC variables
- Function returns skip cleanup for variables being returned
- Track function return types for call expression type inference
- Function calls returning RC types now register for cleanup
- Fix main() entry point to call main_lux() when present
Test result: [RC] No leaks: 17 allocs, 17 frees
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
ADT values with pointer fields (like recursive Tree types) now properly
manage memory:
- Assign unique type tags (starting at 100) to each ADT type
- Track which ADTs have pointer fields that need cleanup
- Generate lux_drop_adt() function with per-ADT drop logic
- Allocate ADT pointer fields with lux_rc_alloc instead of malloc
- Track ADT variables with pointer fields in scope
- Emit field cleanup code at scope exit (switch on tag, decref fields)
Test results:
- ADT test: [RC] No leaks: 6 allocs, 6 frees
- List test: [RC] No leaks: 31 allocs, 31 frees
- Closure test: [RC] No leaks: 8 allocs, 8 frees
- All 263 tests pass
Remaining: early returns, complex conditionals.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Closures and their environments are now properly reference-counted:
- Allocate closures with lux_rc_alloc(sizeof(LuxClosure), LUX_TAG_CLOSURE)
- Allocate environments with lux_rc_alloc(sizeof(LuxEnv_N), LUX_TAG_ENV)
- Enable Lambda in expr_creates_rc_value() to track closure variables
- Add lux_decref() after List higher-order operations (map, filter, fold,
find, any, all) to clean up inline lambdas
Test results:
- Closure test: [RC] No leaks: 8 allocs, 8 frees
- List RC test: [RC] No leaks: 31 allocs, 31 frees
- All 263 tests pass
Remaining for full memory safety: ADT RC, early returns, conditionals.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Add scope tracking for reference-counted variables in the C backend:
- Add RcVariable struct and rc_scopes stack to CBackend
- Track RC variables when assigned in let bindings
- Emit lux_decref() calls when scopes exit (functions, blocks)
- Add memory tracking counters (alloc/free) for leak detection
- Fix List.filter to incref elements before copying (prevents double-free)
- Handle return values by incref/decref to keep them alive through cleanup
The RC system now properly frees memory at scope exit. Verified with
test showing "[RC] No leaks: 28 allocs, 28 frees".
Remaining work: early returns, complex conditionals, closures, ADTs.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Implements Phase 1-3 of the RC system for automatic memory management:
- Add LuxRcHeader with refcount and type tag for all heap objects
- Add lux_rc_alloc, lux_incref, lux_decref, and lux_drop functions
- Update list allocation to use RC (lux_list_new uses lux_rc_alloc)
- List operations (concat, reverse, take, drop) now incref shared elements
- Update boxing functions (box_int, box_bool, box_float) to use RC
- String operations (concat, int_to_string, readLine) return RC strings
- File and HTTP operations return RC-managed strings
The infrastructure is ready for automatic decref insertion at scope exit
(Phase 4) and closure RC (Phase 5) in future work.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Implement HTTP client using POSIX sockets:
- Http.get(url) - GET request
- Http.post(url, body) - POST request
- Http.put(url, body) - PUT request
- Http.delete(url) - DELETE request
Features:
- Self-contained implementation (no libcurl dependency)
- URL parsing for host, port, and path
- HTTP/1.1 protocol with Connection: close
- Response body extraction
All Http operations use evidence passing for handler customization.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
New effects with evidence passing support:
Random effect:
- int(min, max) - random integer in range
- float() - random float 0-1
- bool() - random boolean
Time effect:
- now() - milliseconds since epoch
- sleep(ms) - pause execution
File effect:
- read(path) - read file contents
- write(path, content) - write file
- append(path, content) - append to file
- exists(path) - check if file exists
- delete(path) - delete file
- isDir(path) - check if directory
- mkdir(path) - create directory
Also fixed:
- Function calls as statements now properly emit in generated C
- Return type inference for all effect operations
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
C backend now fully threads evidence through effectful function calls:
- Track effectful functions via effectful_functions HashSet
- Add has_evidence flag to track context during code generation
- Add LuxEvidence* ev parameter to effectful function signatures
- Transform effect operations to use ev->console->print() when evidence available
- Update function calls to pass evidence (ev or &default_evidence)
- Update main entry point to pass &default_evidence
Generated code now uses zero-cost evidence passing:
void greet_lux(LuxEvidence* ev) {
ev->console->print(ev->console->env, "Hello!");
}
This completes the evidence passing implementation for both interpreter
(O(1) HashMap lookup) and C backend (direct function pointer calls).
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Interpreter changes:
- Add evidence HashMap for O(1) handler lookup instead of O(n) stack search
- Update eval_run to manage evidence when entering/exiting run blocks
- Modify handle_effect to use evidence.get() instead of stack iteration
C backend infrastructure:
- Add handler structs (LuxConsoleHandler, LuxStateHandler, LuxReaderHandler)
- Add LuxEvidence struct containing pointers to all handlers
- Add default handlers that delegate to built-in implementations
- Add Console.readLine built-in implementation
Documentation:
- Create docs/EVIDENCE_PASSING.md explaining design and implementation
- Update docs/C_BACKEND.md with current progress
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Implements full pattern matching with variable binding for the C backend:
- Extract variable bindings from patterns (Var, Constructor, Tuple, Record)
- Infer C types for bound variables using variant field type tracking
- Handle recursive ADTs with pointer fields and heap allocation
- Dereference pointer bindings automatically for value semantics
Key implementation details:
- variant_to_type: Maps variant names to parent type for tag generation
- variant_field_types: Maps (type, variant) to field types for inference
- Recursive type fields use Type* pointers with malloc/memcpy
- Pattern bindings dereference pointers to maintain value semantics
Examples that now work:
- match opt { Some(x) => x, None => 0 }
- match tree { Leaf(n) => n, Node(l, r) => sum(l) + sum(r) }
Updates documentation to reflect C backend progress.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Implement closures/lambdas in the C code generator:
- Add LuxClosure struct (env pointer + function pointer)
- Add ClosureInfo to track closure metadata during generation
- Implement free variable analysis to find captured variables
- Generate environment structs for each lambda's captured vars
- Generate lambda implementation functions
- Support indirect closure calls via function pointer casting
- Track functions returning closures for proper type inference
Example: fn(x) => x + n compiles to a LuxEnv struct holding n,
a lambda_N function taking env + x, and closure allocation code.
Limitations: No memory management (closures leak), types
mostly hardcoded to LuxInt.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Remove Cranelift JIT compiler and expose the existing C backend as the
compilation target. Generated C code can be compiled with GCC/Clang.
Changes:
- Remove cranelift-* dependencies from Cargo.toml
- Delete src/compiler.rs (565 lines of Cranelift code)
- Add compile_to_c() function with -o and --run flags
- Fix C backend name mangling (main -> main_lux) to avoid conflicts
- Update CLI help text and documentation
Usage:
lux compile <file.lux> # Output C to stdout
lux compile <file.lux> -o out.c # Write to file
lux compile <file.lux> --run # Compile and execute
C backend supports: functions, basic types, operators, if/then/else,
records, enums, Console.print. Future work: closures, lists, patterns.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
- Record equality: add Record case to values_equal in interpreter
- Invalid escapes: error on unknown escape sequences in lexer
- Unknown effects: validate effect names in check_function with suggestions
- Circular types: add DFS cycle detection in check_type_cycles
- Parser: require | for enum variants, enabling proper type alias syntax
All 265 tests pass.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
- Add Test effect with operations: assert, assertEqual, assertNotEqual,
assertTrue, assertFalse, fail
- Implement Test effect handlers in interpreter with TestResults tracking
- Add values_equal method for comparing Value types in tests
- Update lux test command to discover and run test_* functions
- Create example test files: test_math.lux, test_lists.lux
- Add TESTING_DESIGN.md documentation
- Fix AST mismatches in C backend and compiler.rs for compatibility
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Show specific expression type when JIT compilation fails, e.g.:
- "Unsupported in JIT: String literal"
- "Effect operation 'Console.print' - effects are not supported in JIT"
- "ADT constructor 'Success' - algebraic data types are not supported in JIT"
This helps users understand exactly which expression is blocking
JIT compilation instead of a generic "Unsupported expression type".
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
- Add 30 integration tests that verify all examples and projects
parse and type-check correctly
- Add scripts/lint-examples.sh for quick pre-commit validation
- Tests will catch regressions like missing `run ... with {}` syntax
or broken escape sequences
Run with: cargo test example_tests
Or quick check: ./scripts/lint-examples.sh
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Schema Evolution:
- Preserve version info in type resolution (Type::Versioned)
- Track versioned type declarations in typechecker
- Detect version mismatches at compile time (@v1 vs @v2 errors)
- Support @v2+ (at least) and @latest version constraints
- Store migrations for future auto-migration support
- Fix let bindings to preserve declared type annotations
HTTP Server Effect:
- Add HttpServer effect with listen, accept, respond, respondWithHeaders, stop
- Implement blocking request handling via tiny_http
- Request record includes method, path, body, headers
- Add http_server.lux example with routing via pattern matching
- Add type-checking test for HttpServer effect
Tests: 222 passing (up from 217)
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Add `lux compile <file>` command that compiles and runs Lux code using
the Cranelift JIT compiler. Includes --benchmark flag for timing.
- Add compile_file() function in main.rs
- Add jit_test.lux example with fib(30) + factorial(10)
- Update VISION.md status
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
- Add String.fromChar function to convert Char to String
- Create four stress test projects demonstrating Lux features:
- json-parser: recursive descent parsing with Char handling
- markdown-converter: string manipulation and ADTs
- todo-app: list operations and pattern matching
- mini-interpreter: AST evaluation and environments
- Add comprehensive testing documentation (docs/testing.md)
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Neovim improvements:
- Add tree-sitter text objects for functions, types, blocks
- Add folding support
- Enhanced REPL integration (toggle, send line/selection)
- New commands: LuxCheck, LuxReplToggle, LuxSend
- Better keybindings with localleader
VS Code extension:
- Full syntax highlighting with TextMate grammar
- LSP client integration
- 20+ snippets for common patterns
- Commands: run, format, check, REPL
- Keybindings and context menu
Fixes:
- Fix all cargo warnings with #[allow(dead_code)] annotations
- Clean up unused variables
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
- Show 2 lines of context before and after errors (dimmed)
- Fix guessing_game.lux to be non-interactive for testing
- Use binary search simulation to demonstrate game logic
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Add readLine and readInt operations to the Console effect for interactive
input. Create a number guessing game project demonstrating ADTs, pattern
matching, effects, and game state management.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Add a JIT compiler using Cranelift that compiles Lux functions to native
machine code. Achieves ~160x speedup over the tree-walking interpreter
(fib(30): 11.59ms JIT vs 1.87s interpreter).
Supports: arithmetic, comparisons, conditionals, let bindings, function
calls, and recursion. Compile time overhead is minimal (~500µs).
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
